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wind profiler wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 principle 2 radar wind profiler 3 radar precipitation profiler 4 sodar wind profiler 5 references 6 external links toggle the table of contents wind profiler 6 languages deutsch español euskara français 日本語 українська edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia equipment to measure wind conditions windcollector2 with a scintec sodar sfas a wind profiler is a type of weather observing equipment that uses radar sound waves sodar or lasers lidar to detect the wind speed and direction at various elevations above the ground readings are made at each kilometer above sea level up to the extent of the troposphere i e between 8 and 17 km above mean sea level above this level there is inadequate water vapor present to produce a radar bounce the data synthesized from wind direction and speed is very useful to meteorological forecasting and timely reporting for flight planning a twelve hour history of data is available through noaa websites principle edit orientation of the beams in the case of a three tilted wind profiler in a typical implementation the radar or sodar can sample along each of five beams one is aimed vertically to measure vertical velocity and four are tilted off vertical and oriented orthogonal to one another to measure the horizontal components of the air s motion a profiler s ability to measure winds is based on the assumption that the turbulent eddies that induce scattering are carried along by the mean wind the energy scattered by these eddies and received by the profiler is orders of magnitude smaller than the energy transmitted however if sufficient samples can be obtained then the amplitude of the energy scattered by these eddies can be clearly identified above the background noise level then the mean wind speed and direction within the volume being sampled can be determined the radial components measured by the tilted beams are the vector sum of the horizontal motion of the air toward or away from the radar and any vertical motion present in the beam using appropriate trigonometry the three dimensional meteorological velocity components u v w and wind speed and wind direction are calculated from the radial velocities with corrections for vertical motions radar wind profiler edit a radar wind profiler surrounded by inverted triangular clutter fence with sodar system in short cylinders horizontal plotted wind from a profiler reflectivity data obtained as a byproduct on a typical radar wind profiler pulse doppler radar wind profilers operate using electromagnetic em signals to remotely sense winds aloft the radar transmits an electromagnetic pulse along each of the antenna s pointing directions a uhf profiler includes subsystems to control the radar s transmitter receiver signal processing and radio acoustic sounding system rass if provided as well as data telemetry and remote control the duration of the transmission determines the length of the pulse emitted by the antenna which in turn corresponds to the volume of air illuminated in electrical terms by the radar beam small amounts of the transmitted energy are scattered back referred to as backscattering toward and received by the radar delays of fixed intervals are built into the data processing system so that the radar receives scattered energy from discrete altitudes referred to as range gates the doppler frequency shift of the backscattered energy is determined and then used to calculate the velocity of the air toward or away from the radar along each beam as a function of altitude the source of the backscattered energy radar targets is small scale turbulent fluctuations that induce irregularities in the radio refractive index of the atmosphere the radar is most sensitive to scattering by turbulent eddies whose spatial scale is ½ the wavelength of the radar or approximately 16 centimeters cm for a uhf profiler a boundary layer radar wind profiler can be configured to compute averaged wind profiles for periods ranging from a few minutes to an hour boundary layer radar wind profilers are often configured to sample in more than one mode for example in a low mode the pulse of energy transmitted by the profiler may be 60 m in length the pulse length determines the depth of the column of air being sampled and thus the vertical resolution of the data in a high mode the pulse length is increased usually to 100 m or greater the longer pulse length means that more energy is being transmitted for each sample which improves the signal to noise ratio snr of the data using a longer pulse length increases the depth of the sample volume and thus decreases the vertical resolution in the data the greater energy output of the high mode increases the maximum altitude to which the radar wind profiler can sample but at the expense of coarser vertical resolution and an increase in the altitude at which the first winds are measured when radar wind profilers are operated in multiple modes the data are often combined into a single overlapping data set to simplify postprocessing and data validation procedures 1 radar wind profilers may also have additional uses for example in a biological context to complement large scale bird monitoring schemes 2 radar precipitation profiler edit a special case of a radar wind profiler is a vertical precipitation profiler it consists of a single vertical axis pulse monostatic radar or fmcw pseudo monostatic radars 3 it is used to measure precipitation only it can be used to identify the melting height of precipitation 4 these types of radars have been used to study the interactions of different freezing levels and atmospheric rivers on flooding in lowland mountains of the western us 5 6 noaa psl fmcw snow level radar sodar wind profiler edit the triton transportable sodar system used to measure wind profiles from second wind alternatively a wind profiler may use sound waves to measure wind speed at various heights above the ground and the thermodynamic structure of the lower layer of the atmosphere these sodars can be divided in mono static system using the same antenna for transmitting and receiving and bi static system using separate antennas the difference between the two antenna systems determines whether atmospheric scattering is by temperature fluctuations in mono static systems or by both temperature and wind velocity fluctuations in bi static systems mono static antenna systems can be divided further into two categories those using multiple axis individual antennas and those using a single phased array antenna the multiple axis systems generally use three individual antennas aimed in specific directions to steer the acoustic beam one antenna is generally aimed vertically and the other two are tilted slightly from the vertical at an orthogonal angle each of the individual antennas may use a single transducer focused into a parabolic reflector to form a parabolic loudspeaker or an array of speaker drivers and horns transducers all transmitting in phase to form a single beam both the tilt angle from the vertical and the azimuth angle of each antenna are fixed when the system is set up the vertical range of sodars is approximately 0 2 to 2 kilometers km and is a function of frequency power output atmospheric stability turbulence and most importantly the noise environment in which a sodar is operated operating frequencies range from less than 1000 hz to over 4000 hz with power levels up to several hundred watts due to the attenuation characteristics of the atmosphere high power lower frequency sodars will generally produce greater height coverage some sodars can be operated in different modes to better match vertical resolution and range to the application this is accomplished through a relaxation between pulse length and maximum altitude 1 references edit 1 2 bailey desmond t february 2000 1987 upper air monitoring pdf meteorological monitoring guidance for regulatory modeling applications john irwin research triangle park nc united states environmental protection agency pp 9 9 to 9 11 epa 454 r 99 005 weisshaupt n arizaga j maruri m 2018 the role of radar wind profilers in ornithology ibis 160 3 516 527 doi 10 1111 ibi 12562 hdl 11556 651 p e johnston j r jordan a b white d a carter d m costa t e ayers 2017 the noaa fm cw snow level radar j atmos oceanic technol 34 249 267 doi 10 1175 jtech d 16 0063 1 allen b white james r jordan brooks e martner f martin ralph bruce w bartram 2000 extending the dynamic range of an s band radar for cloud and precipitation studies journal of atmospheric and oceanic technology 17 9 226 1234 bibcode 2000jatot 17 1226w doi 10 1175 1520 0426 2000 017 1226 etdroa 2 0 co 2 allen b white m l anderson m d dettinger f m ralph a hinojosa d r cayan r k hartman d w reynolds l e johnson t l schneider r cifelli z toth s i gutman c w king f gehrke p e johnston c walls d mann d j gottas 2013 a twenty first century california observing network for monitoring extreme weather events journal of atmospheric and oceanic technology 30 8 1585 1603 bibcode 2013jatot 30 1585w doi 10 1175 jtech d 12 00217 1 paul j neiman daniel j gottas allen b white lawrence j schick f martin ralph 2014 the use of snow level observations derived from vertically profiling radars to assess hydrometeorological characteristics and forecasts over washington s green river basin journal of hydrometeorology 15 6 2522 2541 bibcode 2014jhyme 15 2522n doi 10 1175 jhm d 14 0019 1 this article incorporates public domain material from meteorological monitoring guidance for regulatory modeling applications pdf united states government external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to wind profilers official noaa wind profiler search page see real time and 12 hour history graphic displays of wind direction and speed from ground level up to 17 km above sea level at 1 km intervals click on any star or dot then click on get plot at left v t e earth based meteorological equipment and instrumentation anemometer atmometer barograph barometer ceiling balloon ceiling projector ceilometer dark adaptor goggles dewcell disdrometer dropsonde field mill heat flux sensor hygrometer ice accretion indicator lidar lightning detector lightning prediction system nephelometer nephoscope pan evaporation pyranometer pyrheliometer present weather sensor radiosonde rain gauge snow gauge snowboard snow pillow sodar solarimeter sounding rocket stevenson screen sunshine recorder tethersonde thermo hygrograph thermometer tide gauge transmissometer weather balloon weather buoy weather radar weather vane whole sky camera wind profiler windsock retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title wind_profiler oldid 1359042504 categories meteorological instrumentation and equipment weather radars radar meteorology atmospheric sounding hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the united states government commons category link is on wikidata this page was last edited on 12 june 2026 at 18 06 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by 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