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Text of the page (random words):
with the time of assertion thus both primary and secondary reference occurs at the same time in the diagram at left time of utterance is given as present but could also be in the future or the past the utterance remains present tense however so long as t ast coincides with t utt on the timeline of that utterance for example if t utt were in the past so long as t ast also occurs at the same time in the past as t utt visually at the same spot on the timeline as t utt the utterance is still present tense likewise if t utt is in the future t ast may also be in the future so long as it occurs at the same time as that future t utt again visually at the same spot on the timeline of the utterance because verbs in these forms have no measureable duration the t ast is punctular it s a single point along the timeline rather than a range t utt coincides with t evl as with t utt t ast described above a common present tense usage occurs with generalizations and habitual truths these types of utterances always occur in utterances occurring in non durational aspects in these types of utterances there is no specific verb occurrence to observe and thus no assertion instead the purpose of such utterances is to merely inform in these utterances a generalization or an habitual truth is attested as true or questioned for trueness in interrogative forms the earliest point at which these attestations can be evaluated as true or not serves as the secondary temporal reference for such constructions the diagram shows this temporal relationship in the present tense with the t utt coinciding with the t evl in other words for generalizations and habituals if the attestation may be evaluated as true immediately at the time of utterace or to put it simply if the the attestation being evaluated is known to be valid when the utterance is made then the tense of the utterance is present examples of this in english include such statements as john drinks coffee generalization and john goes to school everyday habitual t utt during t ast this diagram reflects the temporal relationship within utterances used in non durational aspects involving activities john paints a picture or other types of utterance in which the verb employed has a naturally durational aktionsart john works for ibm and any durational aspect aspect utterance regardless of whether the aktionsart of the inclusive verb s is durational or not john is eating pizza the diagram shows that for these constructions in the present tenses the time of utterance occurs during the time of assertion the duration in which the verb occurs the smaller arrows in the diagram show that while the action may begin and end before or after the time of utterance that t utt falls at some point within the range of the verb s duration t com coincides with t utt it should be noted in this diagram and the following that the secondary temporal reference t com is listed prior to the primary t utt in its description this is because t com the time of completion represents the termination of the verb an end point this is the diagram for perfected non durational forms t utt t ast and t utt t evl in the present tenses often referred to as the present perfect or present perfect simple these types of utterances do not provide information regarding the duration of the verb but merely establish that the assertion or attestation of the utterance is completed as of the time of utterance in other words the verb is finished as of now because t com always coincides with t utt the time of completion is always read as of now for this reason specific time phrases may not be used with perfected forms in the present tenses examples include john has eaten dinner and they have just arrived both perfected t utt t ast and john has eaten dinner at that café everyday perfected t utt t evl t com coincides with t utt during t ast as with the above diagram note that the secondary temporal reference t com for this type of utterance is listed prior to the primary t utt in its description this is because t com the time of completion represents the termination of the verb an end point this is the diagram for perfected durational forms t utt during t ast in the present tenses often referred to as present perfect progressive or present perfect continuous whereas in the perfected non durational forms above t com represents an absolute terminal point of the verb in perfected durational forms t com may represent either the terminal point of the verb that time at which it is completed or finished and beyond which it does not continue or t com may represent any point within the duration of the verb up to which that completed duration can be measured it is possible that the t ast of the verb could continue beyond the t com but this is irrelevant as the focus of such utterances is not the t ast but the t com and its temporal relationship with t utt these types of utterances are normally used to provide information regarding the duration of the verb up to a given point be that point the terminus of that verb s duration or a point within the duration in the pressent tenses the duration of the verb may be measured up to the time of utterance which is always now because t com always coincides with t utt the time of completion is always read as of now in other words these constructions read as the verb has a given duration up to now thus specific time phrases regarding the time of completion may not be used with perfected forms in the present tenses while a specific measure of duration may be used with such utterances explicit duration it is not required as some verbs which have a durational aktionsart may also be conveyed as having completed duration simply by their nature implicit duration examples include john has been eating dinner perfected t utt t ast with implicit duration and it has been raining for three days perfected t utt t ast with explicit duration continue reading tense part iii past february 3 2010 posted by drew ward english linguistics calle drew ward english english grammar english linguistics esl esol grammar linguistics present continuous present perfect present progressive present simple present tense syntax tampa tast tcom tefl tense tense in english tesol tevl tutt 9 comments tense part iii past examples this post follows the initial article on tense here and a discussion of present tense forms here the following are examples of varying expressions of tense in different statements remember that tense is nothing more than a contrast between the time of utterance t utt and either the time of assertion t ast time of completion t com or time of evaluation t evl all of the examples that follow are past tense regardless of the nature or aspect of the utterances past tenses the past tenses are those in which the secondary temporal reference t ast t com or t evl occurs before the primary reference t utt or visually with t ast t com or t evl occurring to the left of t utt on the timeline of an utterance technically there is no such thing as the past tense there are in fact innumerable past tenses with varying degrees of temporal distance between reference points the greater the temporal distance between the primary and secondary references the farther in the past the tense is common classifications of past tenses include the general past that which occurs before the present with no defined time and a variety of past tenses with defined times such as these listed in increasing temporal distance from t utt immediate past recent present distant past and far distant past t ast precedes t utt the temporal relationship of verbs used in utterances occurring in non durational aspects in which the verb used does not have a durational aktionsart john sneezed are represented in this diagram generalizations and habitual truths are not included in this group see t evl t utt below although common in many languages this form is quite rare in english as most verbs either have a durational aktionsart or are used in the durational aspect english has only one durational aspect usually called the progressive in utterances of this type the time of assertion precedes the time of utterance in the diagram at left time of utterance is given as present but could be in the future or the past the utterance remains past tense however so long as t ast occurs to the left of t utt on the timeline of that utterance for example if t utt were in the past so long as t ast is further in the past than t utt to the left of t utt the utterance is still past tense likewise if t utt is in the future t ast may also be in the future so long as it occurs at a time before that future t utt again visually to the left of it on the timeline of the utterance because verbs in these types of utterance have no measurable duration the t ast is punctular it s a single point along the timeline rather than a range t evl precedes t utt as with t ast t utt described above a common past tense usage occurs with generalizations and habitual truths these types of utterances always occur in non durational aspects in these types of utterances there is no specific verb occurance to observe and thus no assertion instead the purpose of such utterances is to merely inform in these utterances a generalization or an habitual truth about the past is attested as true or questioned for trueness in interrogative forms the earliest point at which these attestations can be evaluated as true or not serves as the secondary temporal reference for such constructions this diagram shows this temporal relationship in the past tenses with t evl preceding t utt in other words for generalizations and habituals the attestation may be evaluated as having been true at a time prior to the time of utterance examples of this in english include such statements as john used to drink coffee generalization and john went to school everyday habitual t ast occurs during a range of time beginning before t utt this diagram reflects the temporal relationship within utterances used in non durational aspects involving activities john painted a picture or other types of utterance in which the verb employed has a naturally durational aktionsart john worked for ibm and any durational aspect aspect utterance regardless of whether the aktionsart of the inclusive verb s is durational or not john was eating pizza in the past it shows that in the past tenses the time of utterance occurs after the time of assertion which for this type of utterance is not a point but rather a span of time the duration in which the verb occurs the smaller arrows in the diagram show that the action begins at a time prior to the time of utterance and continues for a length of time also prior to the utterance and may end before or may continue beyond the time of utterance however in past tense constructions the contrast is made between the t utt and that portion of the t ast that falls at some point within the range of the verb s duration which also occurs prior to the t utt t com precedes t utt in this diagram and the following that the secondary temporal reference is t com the time of completion which represents the termination of the verb an end point this is the diagram for perfected non durational forms in the past t ast t utt and t evl t utt these forms are often referred to as the past perfect or past perfect simple these types of utterances do not provide information regarding the duration of the verb but merely establish that the assertion or attestation of the utterance is completed as of a time prior to the time of utterance in other words the verb is finished before now because t com always prior to t utt the time of completion is always read as of x time in the past for this reason a specific time prior to t utt must be used with perfected forms in the past tenses either as a specific time phrase last week yesterday etc or expressed as contextually prior to t utt examples of this form include john had eaten breakfast before lunch contextual and they had arrived yesterday specific time phrase both perfected t ast t utt and when john lived here he had eaten dinner at that café everyday perfected t evl t utt t com occurs during or at the end of t ast and precedes t utt as with the above diagram the secondary temporal reference for this type of utterance is t com the time of completion which represents the termination of the verb an end point this is the diagram for perfected durational forms t ast occurring over a duration prior to t utt in the past tenses these are often referred to as past perfect progressive or past perfect continuous whereas in the perfected non durational forms above t com represents an absolute terminal point of the verb in perfected durational forms t com may represent either the terminal point of the verb that time at which it is completed or finished and beyond which it does not continue or t com may represent any point within the duration of the verb up to which that completed duration can be measured it is possible that the t ast of the verb could continue beyond the t com but this is irrelevant as the focus of such utterances is not the t ast but the t com and its temporal relationship with t utt these types of utterances are normally used to provide information regarding the duration of the verb up to a given point in the past be that point the terminus of that verb s duration or a point within the duration in the past tenses the duration of the verb may be measured up any specific point prior to the time of utterance because t com always prior to t utt the time of completion is always read as of x time in the past for this reason a specific time prior to t utt must be used with perfected forms in the past tenses either as a specific time phrase last week yesterday etc or expressed as contextually prior to t utt while a specific measure of duration may be used with such utterances explicit it is not required as some verbs which have a durational aktionsart may also be conveyed as having completed duration simply by their nature implicit examples include john had been eating dinner when the phone rang perfected t ast t utt with implicit duration and specific past t com and it had been raining for three days it s just cold now perfected t ast t utt with explicit duration and contextual past t com continue reading tense part iv future february 3 2010 posted by drew ward english linguistics calle drew ward english grammar english linguistics esl esol grammar linguistics past past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous past perfect progressive past progressive past simple past tense progressive syntax tampa tefl tense tense in english tesol 5 comments tense part iv future examples this post follows the initial article on tense here and a discussion of present tense forms here and past tense forms here the following are examples of varying expressions of tense in different statements remember that tense is nothing more than a contrast ...