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description=If you’re new to Java, or just looking to brush up on the details, then this is the tutorial series for you!;

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lications for that matter you need a development environment to write and build applications android studio for java is a very popular development environment ide for java and is the preferred ide for android development android studio has its own intelligent code editor intellij idea and provides a ton of features that are all geared towards helping you develop android apps with less difficulty it s freely available for windows mac and linux operating systems for complete instructions on how to install android studio and its related tools see the android studio for java user guide what is java first let s discuss what java isn t despite their similar names java and javascript are not the same javascript is a scripting language used mainly in websites to add interactivity to the site s ui user interface elements on a website when you click on a button to submit a form click on an icon to toggle a hidden sidebar or do something else that results in some visible movement in the website s ui a javascript program is most likely responsible for carrying out the interaction basically javascript is used to program interactivity in websites java is also a programming language but it s not used in programming websites not at the time of writing this at least java is mainly used to create android apps aka native apps and desktop apps developed long after c and c java incorporates many of the powerful features of those powerful languages while addressing some of their drawbacks programming languages are only as powerful as their libraries these libraries exist to help developers include functionality in their websites without having to write the code from scratch java has one of the largest collections of libraries out of all languages existing today some of java s important core features are it s easy to learn and understand it s designed to be platform independent and secure using virtual machines it s object oriented android relies heavily on these java fundamentals the android studio sdk includes many standard java libraries data structure libraries math libraries graphics libraries networking libraries and everything else you could want as well as special android libraries that will help you develop awesome android applications why is java easy to learn java is easy to learn for a variety of reasons there s certainly no shortage of java resources out there to help you learn the language including websites tutorials books and classes java is one of the most widely discussed taught and used programming languages on the planet it s used for many different types of programming projects no matter their scale from web applications to desktop applications to mobile applications if you re coming from a traditional programming background like c or c you ll find java syntax quite similar if you re not then take comfort in knowing that you ve chosen one of the easiest languages to learn you ll be up and running in no time at all finally java is one of the most human readable languages out there by which we mean that a person who knows nothing about programming can often look at some java code and have at least an inkling of what it s doing consider the following example 1 char character a 2 if character a 3 4 dosomething 5 else 6 dosomethingelse 7 if you simply read the code aloud you can pretty much tell what this snippet of code is doing there s a single letter variable called character if the character variable equals the letter a then we do something call the dosomething method otherwise we do something else by calling the dosomethingelse method why is platform independence important with many programming languages you need to use a compiler to reduce your code down into machine language that the device can understand while this is well and good different devices use different machine languages this means that you might need to compile your applications for each different device or machine language in other words your code isn t very portable this is not the case with java the java compilers convert your code from human readable java source files into something called bytecode in the java world these are interpreted by a java virtual machine which operates much like a physical cpu might operate on machine code to actually execute the compiled code although this might seem inefficient much effort has been put into making this process very fast and efficient these efforts have paid off in that java performance is generally second only to c c in common language performance comparisons android applications run on a special virtual machine called the dalvik vm while the details of this vm are unimportant to the average developer it can be helpful to think of the dalvik vm as a bubble in which your android application runs allowing you to not have to worry about whether the device is a motorola droid an htc evo or the latest toaster running android you don t care so long as the device is dalvik vm friendly and that s the device manufacturer s job to implement not yours why is java secure let s take this bubble idea a bit further because java applications run within the bubble that is a virtual machine they are isolated from the underlying device hardware therefore a virtual machine can encapsulate contain and manage code execution in a safe manner compared to languages that operate in machine code directly the android platform takes things a step further each android application runs on the linux based operating system using a different user account and in its own instance of the dalvik vm android applications are closely monitored by the operating system and shut down if they don t play nice e g use too much processing power become unresponsive waste resources etc therefore it s important to develop applications that are stable and responsive applications can communicate with one another using well defined protocols compiling your code like many languages java is still a compiled language even though it doesn t compile all the way down to machine code this means that you the developer need to compile your android projects and package them up to deploy onto devices the android studio development environment makes this pretty painless in android studio automatic compilation is often turned on by default this means that every time you save a project file android studio recompiles the changes for your application package you immediately see compile errors android studio provides a code editor called intellij idea which interprets java as you type providing handy code coloring and formatting as well as showing many types of errors as you go often you can click on the error and have intellij idea automatically fix a typo add an import statement or provide a method stub for you saving lots of typing the build process for regular java projects results in a file with the extension of jar j ava ar chive android applications take jar files and package them for deployment on devices as a ndroid p ac k age files with an extension apk these formats not only include your compiled java code but also any other resources such as strings images or sound files that your application requires to run as well as the application manifest file androidmanifest xml the android manifest file is a file required by all android applications which you use to define configuration details about your app what is an object oriented programming language oop this concept is the backbone of many programming languages including java though this topic is a very deep one we ll give you a concise overview of oop oop is a programming style or technique that relies upon the definition of data structures called objects for those new to oop an object can be thought of much like a custom data type for example you might have a dog object which represents the blueprint for a generic dog with a name breed and gender you could then create different instances of the dog object to represent specific dogs each dog object must be created by calling its constructor a method that has the same name as the object itself and may or may not have parameters for setting initial values let s take a look at an example the following dog objects use a constructor with three parameters name breed gender 1 dog dog1 new dog lassie collie female 2 dog dog2 new dog fifi poodle female 3 dog dog3 new dog asta foxterrier male so where is this dog object defined well here we need to begin defining some of the fundamental building blocks of the java programming language a class provides a definition for an object therefore there is a dog class somewhere either defined by you or in some library somewhere generally speaking a class will be defined in its own file with the filename matching the class name e g dog java there are exceptions to this rule such as classes defined within other classes when a class is declared within a class it is generally defined for use within the parent class only as a helper class and referred to as an inner class when you want to reference an object from within another class you need to include an import statement at the top of your class file much like you would use a include statement in a compiled language like c a class typically describes the data and behavior of an object the behavior is defined using class methods method is the common term for a subroutine in an oop language many common object classes are defined in shared class libraries like software development kits sdks whereas others are defined by you the developer for your own purposes software is then built up by using and manipulating object instances in different ways please realize this is a very generalized definition of oop there are entire books written on this subject if you d like to know more about oop here are a few resources you might want to check out wikipedia has a nice overview of oop java concepts note we use a lot of different terminology in this tutorial there are multiple ways to refer to a given concept e g superclass vs parent class which is confusing to those new to object oriented programming different developers use different terms so we have tried to mention synonyms where appropriate deciding which terms you will use is a personal choice understanding inheritance here is another important java concept you ll run into a lot inheritance simply put inheritance means that java classes and therefore objects can be organized into hierarchies with lower more specific classes in the hierarchy inheriting behavior and traits from higher more generic classes this concept is best illustrated by an example let s pretend we are developing a java application to simulate an aquarium this aquarium has some fish in it therefore we might define a class to represent a fish this class called fish could include some data fields also called attributes or class member variables to describe a fish object species color and size as well as some of its behavior in the form of methods also called subroutines or functions in procedural languages like eat sleep and makebabyfish a special type of method called a constructor is used to create and initialize an object constructors are named the same as their class and may include parameters the following fish class has two constructors one for creating a generic fish object and another for constructing a specific fish object with some initial data you ll also see that the fish class has two eat methods one for eating something random and another for eating another fish which would be represented by another instance of the fish class 1 public class fish 2 3 private string mspecies 4 private string mcolor 5 private int msize 6 7 fish 8 generic fish 9 mspecies unknown 10 mcolor unknown 11 msize 0 12 13 14 fish string species string color int size 15 mspecies species 16 mcolor color 17 msize size 18 19 public void eat 20 eat some algae 21 22 23 public void eat fish fishtoeat 24 eat another fish 25 26 27 public void sleep 28 sleep 29 30 31 public void makebabyfish fish fishspouse int numbabies 32 make numbabies worth of baby fish with fish spouse 33 34 classes can be organized into hierarchies where a derived class or subclass includes all the features of its parent class or superclass but refines and adds to them to define a more specific object using the extends keyword this is called inheritance for example the fish class might have two subclasses freshwaterfish and saltwaterfish these subclasses would have all the features of the fish class but could further customize the objects through new attributes and behaviors or modified behaviors from the parent class for example the freshwaterfish class might include information about the type of freshwater environment lived in e g river lake pond or puddle similarly the saltwaterfish class might customize the makebabyfish method such that the fish eats its mate after breeding as defined in the super class by using the override mechanism like this 1 public class saltwaterfish extends fish 2 3 override 4 public void makebabyfish fish fishspouse int numbabies 5 call parent method 6 super makebabyfish fishspouse numbabies 7 eat mate 8 eat fishspouse 9 10 organizing object behavior with interfaces in java you can organize object behaviors in what are called interfaces while a class defines an object an interface defines some behavior that can be applied to an object for example we could define a swimmer interface that provides a set of methods that are common across all objects that can swim whether they are fish otters or submergible androids the swimmer interface might specify four methods startswimming stopswimming dive and surface 1 public interface swimmer 2 3 public void startswimming 4 public void stopswimming 5 public void dive 6 public void surface 7 a class like fish could then implement the swimmer interface using the implements keyword and provide implementations of the swimming behavior 1 public class fish implements swimmer 2 in this implement class we then provide implementations of the four methods within the swimmer interface 3 4 public void startswimming 5 system out println i am now swimming 6 7 8 public void stopswimming 9 system out println i have now stopped swimming 10 11 12 public void dive 13 system out println i just dove into the water 14 15 16 public void surface 17 system out println i am now at the surface 18 19 organizing classes and interfaces with packages class hierarchies such as our fish classes can then be organized into packages a package is simply a set of classes and interfaces bundled together developers use namespaces to uniquely name packages for example we could use com mamlambo aquarium or com ourclient project subproject as our package name to keep track of our fish related classes wrapping up wow you ve just embarked on a crash course in java for android development we ve covered a pretty intense amount of material here so let things settle for a bit before moving on to the next lesson ...