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ay and early june the river swells with melted snow from the mountains and the river fills the cavern completely during runoff over 500 cubic feet per second of water flows into the cavern the water is so high that logs and driftwood are jammed into cracks in the ceiling of the cave high above where people stand when the water is low the cracks in the limestone cannot handle all this extra water and the excess spills over into a seasonal streambed called the overflow channel to the left depending on how much snow is in the mountains the sinks can overflow from a few days to a few weeks every year during spring runoff there is water flowing both below and above ground between the sinks and rise most years the channel runs with water for about two weeks but in very high water years like 2010 the overflow can run over a month during very dry years the overflow may run only a day or two the overflow channel meets the regular river channel just below the rise much of the year it is dry and silent and a wide variety of plants and animals live around the boulder strewn passage attracted by the extra water left from spring run off there are many water rounded and eroded granite boulders in the channel they were brought here over time from high in the mountains by the river s flow there is also sandstone limestone and dolomite from the sedimentary formations in the canyon the river above the sinks cave driftwood jammed into the limestone cave from high water in 2010 sedimentary rock layers geology nature sinks canyon natural resource council june 16 2025 maximios tourism geology from precambrian granite to the laramide uplift wyoming has some of the oldest most complex and most easily viewed geology in north america much of that geology is visible in and around sinks canyon which cuts into the southeastern slope of the wind river mountains the geologic history is critical to the understanding of the canyon because the ecology was created by the geology and is still directly affected by it years could be spent studying the geology of the area but a quick overview will orient you to the canyon s place in the geologic history for many millions of years wyoming was a flat plain under prehistoric oceans that came and went during each period of being under water sediment was deposited the sediment was from volcanic ash falling over the water dust and sand being blown across by winds erosion from nearby landmasses flowing into the sea only a tiny fraction was deposited in any given year but over millions of years thick beds of soil were deposited each building up and compressing deeper layers the pressure from the thousands of feet of deposits above as well as heat from the earth s core worked to turn the deposits into various sandstones limestones and other rock formations these thick layers of sedimentary rock covered the much older bedrock made up mostly of precambrian granite formed 4 billion years ago when the planet was first created as these sedimentary layers were being deposited the plates that make up the earth s surface were slowly moving wyoming was once part of a landmass that was in the tropics for much of its geologic history fossils of tropical plants and animals are found in many of the layers of rock in the state over millions of years the plates moved to roughly form the continents as we know them today about 135 million years ago a major geologic event occurred the laramide uplift this uplift created the rocky mountains when a great mass of hot rock from the earth s core rose towards the surface lifting and stretching the continental crust this uplift forced the deeply buried bedrock to punch up through the layers of sedimentary rock as the bedrock pushed up it tilted the layers of sedimentary rock as you travel through the canyon you can easily see the layers tilting downward from the high peaks towards the valley the wind river range is one of the greatest localized vertical displacements of crustal rock known anywhere in the world even as the uplift occurred erosion volcanic deposits and earthquakes kept the mountains largely buried in debris entire formations often disappeared as they eroded away canyons such as this one and the jagged granite peaks along the continental divide didn t yet exist the pictures below show the sedimentary layers visible in the lower half of the canyon the uppermost cliffs in the lower part of the canyon are tensleep sandstone this formation is from the pennsylvanian age 280 310 million years ago tensleep sandstone is a porous quartz sandstone which holds oil in the space between the grains of sand the red and black streaking on the cliffs are oxides of iron and manganese and are called desert varnish this jagged looking formation is called madison limestone from the mississippian period 325 345 million years ago limestone is easily eroded by a weak naturally forming acid created by a combination of water and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere this erosion gives the formation the many pockets sink holes outcrops and caves and is called karst topography the popo agie river running over granite boulders deposited by glacial activity and the river into the madison limestone formation the madison is hundreds of feet thick the popo agie river flowing into the sinks cave in the madison limestone the sinks are likely thousands of years old geologists think the glaciers during the ice ages exposed the limestone and the water from the melting ice flowed into the cracks in the madison formation eroding out passages and channels underground big horn dolomite from the ordivician period 425 to 500 million years ago is visible at the state park boundary up canyon dolomite is similar to limestone but is harder and resistant to erosion giving it massive clean looking faces when exposed it contains fossils such as corals brachiopods and trilobites these rock faces are popular with rock climbers because they aren t as soft and crumbly as the madison and tensleep formations the amsden formation from the pennsylvanian mississippian period 325 million years is a thin layer of soft red sandstone that has mostly eroded away in the canyon thin bands of it can sometimes be seen between the tensleep and madison formations the precambrian granite at the upper end of the canyon this ancient basement rock was created billions of years ago when the earth first formed it was pushed up through the sedimentary rock layers when the wind river range was created by plate tectonics which pushed the deeply buried granite up to create the mountains the granite was carved and polished by recent ice ages on top the the cliffs can be seen glacial erratics glacial scarring and polish hiking hike activities sinks canyon natural resource council june 16 2025 maximios tourism click the map to download a larger printable version of this map lower climbing buttress length approx 1 2 mile difficulty moderate this trail starts across from sawmill campground and climbs to the top of the tensleep sandstone cliffs on the south facing slope short and steep the sinks to rise trail also known as junior ranger trail length 1 2 mile difficulty easy map link sinks to rise a 1 2 mile trail between the sinks and the rise this is a paved fully ada accessible trail that connects the sinks and the rise the trail crosses sagebrush meadows through riparian zones and along the overflow channel with fantastic views of the soaring sandstone cliffs interpretive signs along the trial explain the geology history and ecology of the area a short unpaved loop trail branches off and goes along the overflow channel to signs that talk about the high spring water in the usually dry channel the north slope trail length 1 mile difficulty moderate map link the north slope trail is the newest hiking trail in the canyon and connects the popo agie nature trail to the sinks to rise trail now hikers can hike from the rise all the way to the falls on beautiful trails if they wish to access the trail on the lower end start at the rise and follow the paved path called the sinks to rise trail towards the sinks across highway 131 and about 100 yards down the trail a dirt trail cuts off towards the overflow channel there is a sign for the north slope trail here cross the overflow channel a rocky dry streambed which cannot safely be crossed during spring runoff when it is full of water then climb a series of steep switchbacks until you are in the heavy timber of the north facing slope from here the trail follows the contours of the slope up canyon offering beautiful views down to the lander valley and up to the wind river mountains the trail is rocky and steep in places after a mile it drops into a meadow and joins the popo agie nature trail the popo agie nature trail length 1 mile difficulty easy map link this trail is a lovely one mile loop that highlights the different habitats in the canyon it winds through sagebrush meadows conifer forests aspen groves and riparian areas along the river interpretive signs along the trail talk about the flora fauna and geology the trail starts at the suspension bridge at the upper end of the popo agie campground climbs a short hill and winds back to the bridge the hike is easy but wear sturdy shoes since the trail is rocky in places unnamed north climbing trail length approx 1 mile difficulty moderate this trail branches off from the popo agie nature trail about halfway along the trail and climbs to the madison limestone on the north facing slope the canyon trail length 4 miles difficulty moderate map link this trail is a four mile loop that begins at the suspension bridge in popo agie campground follows the natural trail for a few hundred yards then cuts up canyon the trail goes to bruces picnic area and returns along the river to the suspension bridge this trail goes through sagebrush meadows a large section of the pine forest past and over glacial moraines along the river and through aspen groves it gives a great overview of the canyon walls and habitats upper climbing buttress length approx 1 mile difficulty moderate this trail starts just past the state park boundary at the upper end of the canyon and switchbacks up the south facing slope to a popular climbing area called killer cave trails to climbing walls general information in the canyon are several short steep trails lead to climbing walls that can be used by anyone the trails end at the climbing areas but hikers can use them to access the base of the cliffs and then bushwhack from there one trail lower climbing buttress starts across from sawmill campground and climbs to the top of the tensleep sandstone cliffs on the south facing slope another unnamed north climbing trail branches off from the popo agie nature trail about halfway along the trail and climbs to the madison limestone on the north facing slope a third upper climbing buttress climbing trail starts just past the state park boundary at the upper end of the canyon and switchbacks up the south facing slope to a popular climbing area called killer cave although these trails are short they are very steep hiking the falls trail videos canyon video photos sinks canyon natural resource council june 16 2025 maximios tourism what information do we collect when you visit our website you may provide us with two types of information personal information you knowingly choose to disclose that is collected on an individual basis and website use information collected on an aggregate basis as you and others browse our website personal information you choose to provide we may request that you voluntarily supply us with personal information including your email address postal address home or work telephone number and other personal information for such purposes as correspondence placing an order requesting an estimate or participating in online surveys if you choose to correspond with us through email we may retain the content of your email messages together with 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