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the, of, and, 1934, in, related, section, to, diary, 42, 1933, reviews, this, december, may, july, share, at, 1936, 1932, 1935, credit, march, by, adorno, john, anthony, mary, 35, june, brecht, 1926, 1931, is, august, 8th, amberley, 22, 1914, china, lukács, against, 11, helen, 43, film, for, new, on, art, 30th, villa, april, november, 20, january, september, huxley, world, marxism, 1928, thoughts, link, with, war, two, brian, mark, 23rd, mexico, october, cult, value, modernism, benjamin, sex, love, zelda, second, riviera, hemingway, links, stability, people, about, conclusion, failure, marx, 6th, his, 10, 1912, 12, 13, 20th, 14, dinner, 15, 25, lake, district, february, outsider, self, realism, biography, aldous, masses, david, bradshaw, peter, an, hopkirk, aesthetics, politics, sartre, mechanical, reproduction, young, army, mencken, novel, 1927, 1930, back, beavis, ideas, key, pros, cons, pareto, importance, essays, summary, introduction, soma, plot, part, manchukuo, sinkiang, scene, society, thought, elements, versus, commentary, notes, list, aged, 4th, 1902, mother, funeral, morning, party, 2nd, 1903, student, oxford, 41, 16, 17, 18, 19, 7th, 21, 23, 24, 5th, 26, 27, 28, 25th, 24th, 39, 36, 10th, pacifism, 11th, 21st, 14th, exile, writers, england, seeing, london, date, from, fascism, general, front, bernard, linda, death, aesthetic, personality, but, actor, books, boots, scott, fitzgerald, andré, le, vot, 1979, eyeless, gaza, hidden, contempt, compassion, 1920, edited, 1994, brave, one, company, journey, fleming, setting, east, ablaze, lenin, dream, empire, asia, 1984, lukacs, eugene, lunn, 1982, work, age, walter, alan, furst, all, posts, tagged, communism, autobiographical, father, sigourney, webster, fay, geographical, dichotomies, princeton, 1913, 1915, christian, gauss, peale, bishop, edmund, wilson, ginevra, king, joining, romantic, egotist, montgomery, sayre, armistice, side, paradise, success, generation, woman, beautiful, damned, europe, 1921, baby, writes, anticipating, gatsby, 1923, 1924, dilemmas, demoralisation, 1929, first, breakdown, usa, 1937, 1939, 1940, conversion, achronological, structure, chapters, dates, cast, disgust, book, thesis, 1955, 2016, wells, vilfredo, forward, looking, not, reactionary, aristocracy, miscellaneous, learnings, index, production, consumption, producing, hypnopedia, instant, gratification, group, activities, drugs, synopsis, red, generalisations, antisemitism, future, always, just, around, corner, paul, nazaroff, colonel, bailey, introductions, percy, thomas, etherton, baron, ungern, sternberg, enver, pasha, basmachis, roy, 103, background, meerut, conspiracy, case, ma, chung, yin, end, post, consequences, communist, karl, engels, modernisms, germans, french, conservatism, generations, culture, criticism, digression, jazz, last, my, summaries, follow, topics, categories, gerald, murphy, philosophy, life, scripts, shoplifting, after, mrs, foxe, 16th, ponders, sociology, 1904, mr, senior, falls, 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who, explains, everything, passing, sentence, refused, permission, leave, lighthouse, suicide, harbin, amateur, anti, romance, hsingking, mukden, chinchow, jehol, manoeuvres, sinpin, peking, tsinanfu, shanghai, hangchow, nanking, kiukiang, fuchow, nancheng, hsinkan, pinsiang, changsha, pingshek, lokchong, canton, fascist, threat, popular, stalin, show, trials, nazi, soviet, pact, coda, movements, consciousness, reflexiveness, simultaneity, juxtaposition, montage, paradox, uncertainty, ambiguity, traditional, subject, integrated, symbolism, international, crudity, socialist, likes, deprecates, naturalism, response, debate, subjectivity, brief, györgy, meaning, contemporary, critique, editors, defend, lost, pleasure, preface, historical, review, means, reproducing, works, authenticity, authority, destruction, distance, arts, origins, objects, exhibition, refuge, early, photographic, portraits, are, photography, or, forms, alienation, more, alienated, actors, aura, artifice, shooting, freud, dada, epilogue, views, pluses, absences, liberation, postmodernism, evaporation, high, seriousness, advantages, original, disadvantages, reproductions, confidence, tricksters, particular, five, year, plans,

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Text of the page (random words):
ia oxford père conard pekin peking peter fleming pingshek pinsiang propaganda elbow rana mitter red china reuters robert byron russian saint sophia cathedral scoop second sino japanese war shanghai shantung shuichow sinpin somerset maugham stalin show trials taiping rebellion takani the christian general the principle of benevolent rule the red spears the times the west the young marshal tokyo trans siberian railway tsinanfu uganda urgas w h auden wang ching wei wangtao yangtse river yokohama zhang xueliang posted by simon on may 18 2026 https astrofella wordpress com 2026 05 18 ones company peter fleming setting the east ablaze lenin s dream of an empire in asia by peter hopkirk 1984 when colonel bailey in the field grey uniform of the enemy walked away from his unsuspecting cheka shadows on the evening of 20 october 1918 he embarked on a series of adventures whose bizarre climax even john buchan might have thought far fetched typical slice of the boys adventure tone which dominates peter hopkirk s books setting the east ablaze page 58 with his usual resourcefulness bailey hit upon a solution to both problems it was one of almost unbelievable daring p 85 it was better than buchan a good indication of hopkirk s target audience p 95 when the bolsheviks seized power in october 1917 their leaders lenin trotsky kamenev zinoviev thought they were lighting a fire of revolution which would spread quickly across wartorn europe they thought the disaffected working classes of every european nation would follow their lead rise up and overthrow their autocratic and bourgeois oppressors of course it didn t happen like that first of all they had to deal with a ruinous civil war fought against white anti bolshevik armies which operated in different parts of russia with these eventually defeated lenin renewed the idea of spreading revolution west and sent the red army into poland with the ultimate aim of reaching berlin and inspiring communist revolution in germany on the premise that once central europe was theirs the rest of europe would swiftly follow once again the bolsheviks were disappointed when the polish army led by general józef piłsudski defeated the red army led by mikhail tukhachevsky just outside the polish capital of warsaw in august 1920 p 112 warsaw 1920 by adam zamoyski 2008 while harbouring plans for a return bout the soviet leadership turned their gaze to the south and east the communist international or comintern had been founded at a congress held in moscow in march 1919 p 101 defeated for the time being in europe lenin turned his attention to other areas of possible revolutionary insurrection which regional activists had been promoting for some time among these were the huge areas leading down through the caucasus to persia onto afghanistan and so into north west india persia was under british control with afghanistan very much in the british sphere of influence and both were important to the british as gateways into the jewel in the crown of the british empire india further east there was the area of chinese turkistan only nominally under chinese control since the 1911 chinese revolution with mongolia to the north east and tibet to the south tibet itself bordering on states like burma nepal and sikkim which the british claimed suzerainty over so lenin authorised the comintern leaders to explore ways of spreading insurrection and revolution to all these territories using every means possible from the red army itself through local militias down to individual activists and spies setting the east ablaze lenin s dream of an empire in asia sets out to tell the story of what followed across this vast area of central asia but it s important to realise that the book shares the same strengths and weaknesses as hopkirk s previous two books these had described the late victorian races to 1 uncover the lost cities and treasures of chinese turkestan foreign devils on the silk road 1980 and 2 to be the first white people to enter the forbidden city of lhasa trespassers on the roof of the world 1982 hopkirk doesn t write straight history in the obvious or academic sense instead his main focus is on heroes or villains from the period and theme he covers in particular his central method is 1 to read the long out of print books describing their adventures written by the various main protagonists in his story extracting the juiciest stories and most exciting moments from their memoirs then 2 he triangulates these against researches he undertakes in the dusty old records in the indian office and foreign office archives lastly 3 he visits the places he described speaks personally to people who remembered some of the later events contacts the relevant authorities soviet and chinese to clarify various points with variable success he combines these three ingredients to produce fast moving narratives which focus very much on a handful of named people the protagonist authors and give brief excited summaries of their adventures so hopkirk s books aren t really histories they use the historical events of the periods he covers in a limited way to provide background to the adventures of the figures he s picked out and they re not really biographies since he never covers characters in detail flitting from one character to the next like a magpie spotting gems in the mud and they re written in a decidedly unacademic style instead he writes in a breathless schoolboy tone with plenty of references to rudyard kipling s novel kim or the adventure stories of john buchan s richard hannay novels lots of his summaries and comments deserve or have exclamation marks he had not achieved what he would have liked nonetheless he had had no end of an adventure p 94 he had pulled a fast one on lenin trotsky and their bloodthirsty revolutionary mob p 95 so like i say the book follows a rough chronological structure but tends to flit between characters who are chosen entirely as far as i can see because they wrote books about their adventures which enable hopkirk to summarise them drilling right down to thrilling stories of hiding from the secret police life on the run adopting disguises smuggling messages back to spymasters in india and so on and so on paul nazaroff nazaroff 1890 to 1942 was a russian geologist and writer who was caught up in the russian revolution and became the leader of a plot to overthrow bolshevik rule in central asia in early 1918 nazaroff was living and working in tashkent now the capital of uzbekistan when the local government was overthrown by bolsheviks nazaroff remained in the city and fed information to white army forces in the region and to british authorities in north india he was arrested by the bolshevik secret police the cheka in october 1918 after 3 months in prison he was one of the organisers of a coup which temporarily overthrew the tashkent soviet on 6 january 1919 and incidentally freed him from prison however the coup was short lived as the powerful militia of the local railway workers changed sides back to the bolsheviks when they learned that the new government was royalist and reactionary nazaroff went into hiding in tashkent eventually escaping disguise and escaping evade the pursuing through the mountains to kashgar in china in early 1920 before a second escape over the mountains into tibet across the himalayas and into british india he describes all this in the book hopkirk uses as his primary source hunted through central asia 1932 colonel f m bailey frederick marshman bailey 1882 to 1967 was a british political officer who is regularly referred to as one of the last protagonists of the great game p 2 he was a leading botanist he had been travelling widely in central asia since the turn of the century in december 1917 he was sent to south persia to serve as a political officer in february 1918 he travelled to tashkent in central asia on a mission to discover the intentions of the new bolshevik government specifically in relation to india this meant he was in the city at the same time as nazaroff and their narratives overlap at many points for it s here that hopkirk starts telling his story he describes in detail bailey s undercover activities the reward for his arrest put out by the cheka and his eventual flight from tashkent disguised as an austrian prisoner of war at one point he volunteered to join the cheka and had the surreal experience of receiving instructions to hunt for himself at another point he hid out in a bee farm bailey escaped tashkent on a long adventurous trek to bokhara in uzbekistan and eventually into british persia his adventure had lasted 15 months on arriving back in england he was surprised to learn that his adventures had been widely reported in the press and he had become a national hero he wrote up his adventures in mission to tashkent which is the book hopkirk liberally quotes from and summarises hopkirk s introductions googling these two old books the ones by bailey and nazaroff to see if i could find the texts online i was struck to discover that they were both reprinted by oxford university press hopkirk s publisher in the noughties with introductions by hopkirk this can hardly be an accident and makes you wonder whether hopkirk s projects of reading and summarising these old books was from the first tied in with a side project of getting them republished by oup accompanied by his enthusiastic introductions i e the whole thing was an integrated commercial operation more characters percy thomas etherton etherton replaced the legendary george macartney who had served as british consul to kashgar from 1890 to 1918 taking over his residence named chini bagh chinese garden for four years he waged a remorseless war against the bolsheviks in the region building up a network of spies and agents across central asia across the roof of the world a record of sport and travel through kashmir gilgit hunza the pamirs chinese turkestan mongolia and siberia by p t etherton 1911 in the heart of asia by p t etherton 1925 baron ungern sternberg nikolai robert maximilian freiherr von ungern sternberg 1886 to 1921 was an anti communist general in the russian civil war and then an independent warlord who intervened in mongolia against china he was an ultraconservative monarchist who aspired to restore the russian monarchy after the 1917 russian revolutions and to revive the mongol empire under the rule of the bogd khan he proceeded by terrorising and liquidating his opponents anyone suspected of having red sympathies and all jews men women and children were murdered by his troops the nickname the mad baron or the bloody baron wasn t really adequate hopkirk thinks he was a psychopath pure and simple ungern sternberg aimed to kick the chinese out of mongolia restore the blind bogd khan to the throne and proclaim a greater mongolia before recreating the empire of genghiz khan whose reincarnation he believed himself to be in late 1920 his army successfully took urga the capital of mongolia which he plunged into a nightmare of rape and murder suspects were tortured hanged and burned to death in his megolamania in january 1921 ungern sternberg declared himself emperor of all russia he led his army of mongolians and white russians across the border into soviet territory where they made initial gains shooting all prisoners making them dig mass graves then machine gunning them handing over any camp followers to be raped to death but eventually his armies started to lose were reduced in numbers then overcome by soviet reinforcements abandoned by his own men he was discovered bound and tied in the desert put on a show trial found guilty of multiple atrocities and himself shot in september 1921 ungern sternberg s story is told in beasts men and gods by ferdinand ossendowski 1922 asian odyssey by dmitri alioshin 1941 enver pasha and the basmachis i̇smail enver 1881 to 1922 better known as enver pasha was an ottoman turkish military officer revolutionary and convicted war criminal he was a leader of the committee of union and progress cup party and helped lead the young turk revolution of 1908 which re established the constitution and parliamentary democracy in the ottoman empire a series of crises in the empire left enver and the unionists disillusioned with liberal ottomanism and this led to the 1913 coup d état brought the cup directly to power enver became war minister and ruled turkey as part of the dictatorial triumvirate known as the three pashas along with talaat pasha and kemal pasha that s the background he pops up in hopkirk s book because when the ottoman empire lost to the allies enver was forced to flee and ended up in moscow meanwhile muslim opposition had been growing throughout the region and crystallising in the form of basmachis the basmachi movement wikipedia article these had arisen as an armed response to the tsarist empire s imposition of conscription on the muslim republics and received further impetus from the heavy handed condescension of the new bolshevik rulers ethnic russian settlers were in a minority in the muslim republics but continued to behave with the same high handed imperial condescension the red army was sent to establish peace which it did in the usual style by taking key towns and massacring the inhabitants in february 1918 the red army soldiers thoroughly pillaged kokand and carried out what was described as a pogrom in which as many as 25 000 people died basmachi groups formed under a number of different leaders the point is that lenin let himself be persuaded to send the charismatic war experienced senior ottoman leader enver to head off the basmachi movement and redirect it as the bolsheviks wanted into a crusade into india to raise indian muslims and overthrow british rule in hopkirk s telling cynics knew full well that enver had no intention of fulfilling lenin s plans even before he was sent and they were right enver was despatched with money and men to redirect the basmachis but instead immediately set about becoming their leader he visited the holy city of bokhara from where he declared himself commander in chief of all muslim armies and through his marriage to the sultan s niece kinsman of the caliph and representative of the prophet on earth he had a gold seal bearing all these titles created and announced his intention of founding a new pan turkish empire and driving out the bolsheviks for good he rallied basmachi bands to his cause and the approval of emirs and khans and had initial military success seizing lightly defended bolshevik towns but the bolsheviks had the battle hardened red army at its disposal and sent large forces south spies infiltrated the movement basmachi fighters saw the way the wind was blowing and melted back to their villages the end came on 4 august 1922 when after a series of defeats enver s much reduced force learned that bolsheviks were approaching the village they were occupying enver took horse straightaway and led a charge into w...