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irtually no problems saturn v american orbital launch vehicle america s booster for the apollo manned lunar landing apollo csm the apollo command service module was the spacecraft developed by nasa in the 1960 s as a standard spacecraft but ended up being built only for the lunar landing mission apollo lm american manned lunar lander american alternatives lunar gemini the gusmobile might have gotten on the moon faster quicker cheaper but not better apollo d 2 american manned lunar orbiter study 1962 the general electric design for apollo put all systems and space not nova nova was nasa s ultimate launch vehicle studied intently from 1959 to 1962 conceived to allow a direct manned lunar landing other stuff sea dragon american sea launched heavy lift orbital launch vehicle sea dragon was an immense sea launched two stage launch sputnik 2 russian biology satellite manned v 2 while the v 2 rocket could not achieve orbit it was capable of putting a man into space on a suborbital trajectory apollo 18 apollo 18 was originally planned in july 1969 to land in the moon s schroter s valley a river like channel way a brief history of the harp project richard k graf s account of the canadian 1960 s project to launch satellites from a 16 inch gun lox lh2 lox lh2 propellant to be used on production space launch vehicles liquid oxygen was the earliest cheapest safest v 2 the v 2 ballistic missile known to its designers as the a4 was the world s first operational liquid fuel rocket space suits to explore and work in space human beings must take their environment with them because there is no atmospheric lox kerosene lox kerosene propellant liquid oxygen was the earliest cheapest safest and eventually the preferred oxidizer saturn i american orbital launch vehicle von braun launch vehicle known as cluster s last stand 8 redstone tanks around apollo 11 first manned lunar landing the end of the moon race and public support for large space programs the many changes by gemini to mars in the 1960 s many considered use of the cramped two man gemini reentry vehicle for journeys to the moon problematic n2o4 udmh n2o4 udmh propellant nitrogen tetroxide became the storable liquid propellant of choice from the late 1950 s adam american manned spacecraft in early 1958 wernher von braun proposed launching an american aboard an army redstone buran russian manned spaceplane which represented a huge leap in soviet space technology and project management buran gemini american manned spacecraft gemini was conceived as an upgraded mercury to test essential orbital maneuvering n2o4 mmh n2o4 mmh propellant monomethylhydrazine mmh is a storable liquid fuel that found favor in the united states pye wacket pye wacket was the code name for a flying saucer shaped air to air missile being developed by the us air force dynasoar american manned spaceplane cancelled 1963 the x 20a dynasoar dynamic soarer was a single pilot manned reusable titan ii american intercontinental ballistic missile icbm developed also as the launch vehicle for the manned gemini where have all the astronauts gone the public pays little attention to manned space flight and seems to believe that little has changed they see almaz vladimir chelomei s almaz was the only manned military spacecraft ever actually flown the project continued through von braun mars expedition 1969 american manned mars expedition study 1969 von braun s final vision for a manned expedition to mars was a robust r 7 russian intercontinental ballistic missile and launch vehicle series the world s first icbm and first orbital apollo 17 final apollo lunar landing mission first geologist to walk on the moon proton the proton launch vehicle has been the medium lift workhorse of the soviet and russian space programs for over h2o2 kerosene h2o2 kerosene propellant hydrogen peroxide was used as an oxidizer with kerosene in the 1950 s in british rockets skylab american manned space station first us space station the project began life as the orbital workshop outfitting apollo 13 fuel cell tank exploded en route to the moon resulting in loss of all power and oxygen only through use of the energia version of the energia using the core vehicle without the buran spaceplane hermes french manned spaceplane cancelled 1992 the hermes spaceplane would have provided independent european manned atlas the atlas rocket originally developed as america s first icbm was the basis for most early american space exploration delta american orbital launch vehicle the delta launch vehicle was america s longest lived most reliable and lowest cost polyus russian military anti satellite system the polyus military test bed was put together on a crash basis as an answer vostok world s first manned spacecraft it was developed into the later voskhod and numerous versions of recoverable ithacus american ssto vtovl orbital launch vehicle an adaptation of phillip bono s enormous rombus plug nozzle semi single stage orbit otrag orbital transport und raketen aktiengesellschaft germany manufacturer of rocket engines and rockets 200 million rd 180 glushko lox kerosene rocket engine atlas iii atlas v stage 1 in production first flight 2000 two thrust chamber apollo 12 second manned lunar landing precision landing near surveyor 3 that landed in 1967 lightning struck the booster a9 a10 german intercontinental boost glide missile the a9 a10 was the world s first practical design for a transatlantic space shuttle american winged orbital launch vehicle the version of the space shuttle that went into production redesign of fsw chinese military surveillance satellite reconnaissance earth observation satellite built by cast china launched american rocketplanes american manned rocketplane family lclv american low cost orbital launch vehicle as a result of trw s review of the truax aerojet sea dragon trw became manned spacecraft mol american manned space station cancelled 1969 mol manned orbiting laboratory was the us air force s manned soyuz the russian soyuz spacecraft has been the longest lived most adaptable and most successful manned spacecraft gnom russian intercontinental ballistic missile gnom was a unique design which represented the most advanced work navaho the navaho intercontinental cruise missile project was begun just after world war ii at a time when the us army maks russian air launched winged orbital launch vehicle the maks spaceplane was the ultimate development of the air launched lenticular vehicles for a brief period in 1959 1964 nasa and the us air force actively considered launching manned flying saucers saint american military anti satellite system cancelled 1963 raketoplan russian manned spaceplane family succeeding the vka project this was developed by chelomei from 1959 including gun launched artillery dominated military ballistics from the earliest use of gunpowder in 1865 jules verne could only realistically kosmoplan russian mars orbiter cancelled 1965 beginning in the late 1950 s chelomei began studying use of his encapsulated chertok s memoirs summary of a principal source in soviet space history yangel soviet chief designer 1954 1971 of okb 586 preeminent designer of ballistic missiles and light satellites his storms american chief designer who led development of the apollo spacecraft and saturn s ii at north american earlier mishin soviet chief designer superseding korolev 1966 1974 led the bureau in the flight test stages of the l1 and leonov russian pilot cosmonaut 1960 1982 cancelled missions included command of first soviet circumlunar flight in 1969 tereshkova russian cosmonaut 1962 1997 first woman in space aboard vostok 6 but the flight was propaganda and future spaceflight kamanin diaries summary of a principal source in soviet space history korolev soviet chief designer responsible for creating the first long range ballistic missiles the first space launchers tsien 1911 2009 father of chinese spaceflight leading rocket theoretician expelled from usa as red in 1955 created glushko soviet chief designer responsible for all large liquid propellant engines for missiles and lvs led glushko bureau chelomei soviet chief designer 1955 1984 of okb 52 leading designer of cruise missiles and icbms fought for lead role saenger german austrian rocket pioneer designer of silverbird space bomber worked at trauen for luftwaffe 1936 1944 russian rocketplanes the story of rocketplanes and spaceplanes in the soviet union was one of constant setbacks due to internal politics russia key meetings in soviet spaceflight the key meetings the main decisions that led to the soviet loss of the moon race and shuttle race russia soviet space history at a glance russia the true history of soviet spaceflight is predominantly the story of soviet military space manned or scientific russian sams and abms perhaps no missiles ever produced had as much historical influence as the surface to air missiles of the soviet china the history of rocket and space development in china germany german enthusiasts laid the technical groundwork for the exploration of space in the 1920 s and early 1930 s russia early ballistic missiles the true configuration of the world s first icbm the r 7 was revealed only in 1967 ten years after its first russia what did the cia know and when did they know it fifty years of declassified american national intelligence estimates compared to what we now know was really russian strategic cruise missiles as in america in the 1946 assessments of german military technology the technical problems of the intercontinental russian designations designations of russian ballistic missiles launch vehicles and spacecraft mars expeditions since wernher von braun first sketched out his marsprojekt in 1946 a succession of designs and mission mars flyby mars lander mars orbiter mars rover mars rovers nearly every conceptual mission to mars has included pressurized rovers to allow the astronauts to get around american mars expeditions russian mars expeditions aelita was the queen of mars in the famous socialist parable filmed by jakov protazanov in 1924 it was altogether von braun mars expedition 1952 american manned mars expedition study 1952 wernher von braun made the first engineering analysis of a manned mars soviet mars probes were intended to photograph mars on flyby trajectories followed by mars orbit landing and lunar bases the lunar base never seemed to be a high priority to space visionaries who were mainly interested in getting to mars lunar flyby lunar crashers lunar orbiter american lunar orbiter photography of the moon s surface from selenocentric orbit the lunar orbiter series took lunar orbiters manned lunar orbiters and orbiting stations were rarely designed for this purpose alone but usually used in a lunar landers lunar lander design started with the british interplanetary society s concept of 1939 followed by von braun s lunar flyers lunar flyers would use rocket power to get crew or cargo quickly from one point on the lunar surface to another lunar habitats lunar habitats were usually for early lunar exploration or as modules for fixed location base buildup mobile lunar l1 the russian program to fly soviet cosmonauts around the moon in the late 1960 s russia soviet manned lunar projects the failed soviet lunar program and the follow on lunar base projects that came to nothing lunar l3 the soviet program to land a man on the moon and return him safely to earth apollo soviets recovered an apollo capsule the truth only emerged 32 years later the soviets recovered an apollo space capsule in 1970 the original article apollo the successful us project to land a man on the moon apollo 7 first manned test of the apollo spacecraft although the systems worked well the crew became grumpy with head apollo 19 apollo 19 was originally planned to land in the hyginus rille region which would allow study of lunar linear apollo 20 apollo 20 was originally planned in july 1969 to land in crater copernicus a spectacular large crater impact l1 the podsadka problem what was the secret configuration of the l1 spacecraft project horizon the project summary of the us army s 1959 plan to place a military base on the moon by 1965 l3 russian manned lunar expedition development begun in 1964 all hardware was test flown but program cancelled manned circumlunar boosting a manned spacecraft on a loop around the moon without entering lunar orbit allows a trip to be made lunar rovers lunar rovers were studied in a dizzying variety of sizes and shapes by nasa in the 1960 s including crawlers propellants propellants fuels and oxidizers their characteristics and the vehicles that use them lox lch4 lox lch4 propellant liquid methane or liquid natural gas was originally proposed in the 1960 s as an an alternate lox alcohol lox alcohol propellant this propellant combination was used for the german v 2 rocket and the first derivative solid solid propellants have the fuel and oxidizer embedded in a rubbery matrix they were developed to a high degree n2o4 aerozine 50 n2o4 aerozine 50 propellant nitrogen tetroxide became the storable liquid propellant of choice from the late n2o4 hydrazine n2o4 hydrazine propellant hydrazine n2h4 found early use as a fuel but it was quickly replaced by udmh and nitric acid kerosene nitric acid kerosene propellant this propellant combination theoreticaly a very low cost solution proved to learn about space station 1970 nasa s baseline space station of 1970 which was to be operational at early as 1977 was a large earth orbiting vulcain 2 sep ottobrunn lox lh2 rocket engine in development new generator cycle rocket engine for an ariane 5 core stage pegasus vtovl american ssto vtovl orbital launch vehicle bono design for semi single stage to orbit ballistic vtovl launch transit spin stabilized transit satellites were developed by the us navy beginning in 1958 for the first operational navigation massimino american engineer mission specialist astronaut 1996 2012 soyuz 7k ok russian manned spacecraft development of a three manned orbital version of the soyuz the 7k ok was approved otv american space tug studied 1985 1989 the orbital transfer vehicle was reusable space tug powered by lox lh2 titan iiic american orbital launch vehicle titan 3a with five segment solid motors man rated design originally developed higginbotham american engineer mission specialist astronaut 1996 2007 engineer soyuz u russian standardized man rated orbital launch vehicle derived from the original r 7 icbm of 1957 it has been burlak russian air launched winged orbital launch vehicle burlak air launched satellite launcher was proposed in 1992 rd 171 glushko lox kerosene rocket engine zenit stage 1 in production rd 171 used two plane gimballing versus one plane rsa 3 the rsa 3 satellite launcher began development as an irbm in the 1980 s because of the perceived soviet threat naa manned bombardment and control vehicle american manned combat spacecraft study 1963 in the early 1960 s o...