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thers go on unhealthy weight management strategies such as diet pills and laxatives however this summary would only be on diet pills and its content such as 2 4 dinitrophenol dnp and guar gum dnp was historically used as a dye wood preserver herbicide and photographic development but then was discovered by murice tainter as a weight loss supplement however after its discovery dnp became popular but then it causes a significant amount of death due to its used as a weight loss pill dnp causes uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in which there would be a decrease in atp production and hence the body would be energy deficient and start breaking down fat to make atp uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation causes a buildup of pyruvic and lactic acid and also competitively inhibits atp formation which causes a rise in body temperature above normal therefore dnp can cause hyperthermia tachycardia increase heart rate diaphoresis perspiring abnormally due to increase heat tachypnea abnormal breathing rate and cardiac arrest hence if taken in a large amount can lead to death apart from dnp and electron transport chain guar gum which is used in weight loss pills which has a toxic effect guar gum is used in ice cream making and also as a food thickener it causes weight loss by increasing fecal excretion since it lowers cholesterol from the enhance excretion of bile acid into feces and in turn decrease the absorption of dietary lipids moreover since it delays gastric emptying it gives a sense of fullness which can cause a decrease in consumption of food and hence weight loss therefore too much guar gum intake can cause abdominal pain flatulence diarrhea and cramps also to an extent abdominal obstruction which have to be treated by urgent surgical means since the rise in obesity there has been an increased in the usage of diet pills deaths due to these pills and thus the awareness towards its dangerous effects reference yen may and michele burns ewald 2012 toxicity in weight loss agents journal of medical toxicology 8 2 145 152 accessed april 10 2014 http www ncbi nlm nih gov pmc articles pmc3550246 leave a comment think lipids here are some more mcq s on lipids lipids mcq s 1 which one of these statements is not true about fats a they are usually solids and liquids at room temperature b they contain saturated hydrocarbon chains c they do not contain a c c bond d they are made up of carbon hydrogen and oxygen 2 does oils contain unsaturated hydrocarbon chains and are also known as polyunsaturated a true b false 3 van der waals forces are present in the fatty acids a false b true 4 as fatty acid chains increases the melting point decreases a true b false 5 what are the functions of lipids 1 natural protective layer in fruits and vegetables 2 provides insulation to the body from the cold environment 3 source of energy 4 protects the vital organs a 2 3 b 1 3 4 c 2 3 4 d 1 2 3 4 answers 1 a fats are solids at room temperature while oils are liquids at room temperature 2 a 3 b 4 b as fatty acid chains increases the melting point increases 5 d april 15 2014 uncategorized dominique lipids questions bcbionx leave a comment mcq s fig 1 mcq s for biol 1362 1 what events occur in the tca cycle 1 dehydration 2 hydration 3 oxidative carboxylation 4 substrate level phosphorylation 5 dehydrogenation a 1 2 3 4 b 2 3 4 5 c 1 2 and 3 d 3 4 5 e 1 2 3 4 5 using figure 1 below to answer questions 2 2 which letter x y and z represents the steroid nucleus a x b y c z d none of the above e all of the above answers 1 e 2 c april 15 2014 uncategorized bcbionx leave a comment enzyme word search april 15 2014 uncategorized dominique enzymes word search bcbionx leave a comment the end is near april 15 2014 uncategorized bcbionx introduction thank you bcbionx the end is near and no i am not talking about the world i am talking about exam time and the near of another semester we the bcbionx had a wonderful experience in doing these blogs and by we i mean nasir sabita sade philip and i dominique where we put all our creativity and humour in these blogs examples like the trinidad as a cell was does by nasir the classic cartoons was done by me some of the the videos reviews were done by philip and some reflections were done by sabita and sade however that is just a summary if i was to go in complete details this blog will but too long as the team leader of the bcbionx i just want to say thank you to all that have been viewing our blogs asking us questions about the topics we researched and just supporting us we all in the bcbionx group are grateful thank you leave a comment hi everyone it s me again sade from bc bionx and today i m discussing rna structure and synthesis so i m going right into it so what we remember from cape level that rna is made from transcription that is the copying process during which dna strand serves as a template for the synthesis for transcription transcription produces messenger rna ribosomal rna transfer rna and additional small rna molecules that perform specialized catalytic structural and regulatory functions that are not translated also known as ncrna non coding rnas so the final product can be an rna or protein figure 1 showing the transcription of dna into rna molecules now there three types of rna molecules needed for the synthesis of protein ribosomal and transfer and messenger rna but like the dna molecule these three rna molecules have polymeric unbranched molecules composed of nucleoside monophosphates joined by phosphodiester bonds sooo yea interesting stuff rna structure and synthesis always seemed simple at a level but now not so much lol but they be similar in structure but differ in terms of size with rna being smaller than dna contains ribose instead of deoxyribose uracil rather than thymine and can exist as single strands that are capable of folding into complex structures there is also differentiation between the three types of rna terms of size function and structure rrna as we all know exist as ribosomes in the cell and is the site of protein synthesis and together makes up for 80 of total rna trna is the smallest of all rna molecules and together 15 of the total rna in the cell for every 20 amino acids commonly found in proteins there at least one specific type of trna mole figure 2 showing the characteristic structure of trna molecule from the diagram above you can see that trna contain unusual bases e g dihydro uracil and have an extensive intrachain base pairing that leads to its secondary and tertiary structure each trna functions as an adaptor molecule that carries its specific amino acid covalently bonded to its 3 end to the site of protein synthesis now we come to the mrna which carries the genetic information from the nuclear dna to the cysotol where it s used as a template for protein synthesis and only makes 5 of the total rna in the cell now we re almost finish so just bear with me we finally come to rna synthesis which can be divided into three stages initiation elongation and termination initiation involves the binding of rna polymerase holoenzyme the holoenzyme allows the rna polymerase to recognize the promoter regions in the dna and the rna polymerase are the signals that control transcription to the promoter region on the dna which is not transcribed then elongation once the promoter region has been recognized and bound to the holoenzyme the dna helix begins to unwind and the rna polymerase begins to synthesize a transcript of the dna sequence the elongation phase is said to begin with purine and exceeds ten nucleotides in length sigma subunit is then released and the core enzyme leaves the promoter region and moves along the template strand continuing the process of transcription and a short dna rna helix is formed now in termination the elongation of single stranded rna chain continues until the termination signal on reached termination can be spontaneous or dependent on a protein known as the rho factor and now my blog entry is finished tadaaaa april 13 2014 the end is near april 12 2014 uncategorized bcbionx the end is near and i don t mean the world ending it simply means exams are approaching and its time to recall what we should know for this biochemistry course however before i start listing out the topics we should study i will like to introduce myself and thank the members in the bcbionx group i am dominique who is the leader of the bcbionx and the members of this group were nasir sabita sade and phillip i will like to greatly thank them for all that they have done with this blog nasir for being creative in creating the trinidad as a cell sabita for always assisting me especially in the topic on honey sade for doing the tca and etc which is informative and phillip for always presenting humour in the group reflections these are the people who make up the bcbionx so placing the gratitude aside bcbionx will be posting up mcq s and two publish papers very soon leave a comment review on lipid video april 5 2014 uncategorized bcbionx hey readers nasir here and for this post i decided to do a little insight into that all important bio molecule our world is becoming filled with yes lipids in my search for interesting facts on lipids i came across a video that was so informative i thought i should do a little review on it so have a read the video highlighted the important reasons as to why lipids are so needed in the diet it clearly explains the types needed such as phospholipids steroids tri glycerides and even discusses the age old thoughts on the benefits or harm when consuming saturated fats versus unsaturated fats the purposes these groups serve in making biological systems more efficient are also examined the various forms of useful and harmful lipid molecules are also highlighted and for the harmful forms which are usually man made the process of their manufacture as well as an insight into why the over consumption of them is harmful is discussed among these are the heart stopping trans fats that we all love but need to stay away from the reason these are so dangerous as well as the daily recommended amounts based on statistics and nutritional facts are also worked out by the maker of the video so no math here it was very useful in that it used various pictures and colours to illustrate the main points on the topic allowing its viewers to clearly grasp the simple concepts lipids have to offer apart from the fact that slight humour and facts also help to create a more comfortable learning experience while viewing the video the most interesting part of the video for me was the fact that the numbers for quantity placed in the nutritional facts for snacks were based on a per serving intake which is interesting because snacks nowadays are packaged so sparsely that most consumers buy more than the usual amount to be satisfied this means the serving intake is increased and therefore intake of the undesired ingredient but because the quantity number says zero most people would over look this little detail the video was composed so well that it leaves little room for error but i would say a little elaboration on why omega 3 and omega 6 polyunsaturated fats promote a healthy heart would be interesting to know but i guess not all answers are a giveaway thanks for reading have a look at the video and don t forget to leave your comments nasir leave a comment getting down and funky with dna april 5 2014 uncategorized bcbionx hey all phillip hear again and this week it s my pleasure to share a little on deoxyribonucleic acid or dna as most people call it so what is dna well dna is a molecule that contains all the genetic codes need to create living organism here are some interesting facts about dna 1 dna is known to have codes for all he information needed to make an organism but the actual dna molecule is made up of four basic nucleotides adenine guanine thymine and cytosine 2 every human being shares 99 of his dna with every other human i mean how awesome that is 3 there are so many dna strands of dna in your body that if you were to line them up end to end the dna would reach from earth to the sun over 600 times 4 between you and your parent there is a 99 5 similarity in dna 5 get this you can actually call a chimpanzee your family because there is a 98 similarity awesome your family with a chimp 6 did you know that if you typed 60 words per minute for eight hour a day it would take almost 50 years to type out the human genome 7 dna is so fragile that about a thousand times a day errors occur these errors lead to mutations that can be repaired or non repairable some mutations are good others don t do anything whilst others are helpful 8 wow take this in you have common dna to a mud worm so if anyone calls you a worm in the future you can tell them thank you 9 well ok it seems that we have common dna with everything first was a chimp then was a mud worm now you also have common dna with a cabbage 40 50 common dna actually so now that you know what dna is we can go a little more into it dna is a double stranded anti parallel structure it is a double stranded helix structure as stated in the interesting facts there are four nucleotides that make up dna these are then split into pyrimidines and purines in dna the pyrimidines are cytosine c and thymine t in purines dna has adenine a and guanine g the back bone of the dna molecule is what we call a sugar phosphate because nucleotides are products of sugars bases and phosphate so pyrimidines always bonds with a purine via hydrogen bonging there are no purine to purine bonds same goes for pyrimidines cytosine always bonds to guanine and thymine always bonds to adenine the reason for this bonding is because a and t both had two complementary hydrogen bonding pairs while c and g had three hydrogen bonding pairs the bonds were covalent bonds as noted dna is made up of anti parallel strands one strand runs from five prime 5 to three prime 3 the other strand runs in the opposite direction 3 to 5 for the dna molecule to form the purines and pyrimidines have to be on the inside to join the outside has phosphate and sugars dna is a tertiary structure that has a spring like look it is described as being super coiled within the structure there is a minor grove and a major grove the minor groove occurs when the back bones are close together the major groove occurs when they are far apart dna is a nucleic acid in dna there are genes to synthesize functional proteins and rnas it also contains segments that take part in regulation of gene expression high ph changes the tautomeric state of bases this causes the dna to become denatured to actually get dna of a person from a blood sample it must go through a centrifugation process after this process is complete the blood is split up into different layers each one for every constituent of blood for dna to be replicated it goes through a series of processes there are three processes transcription translation and initia...