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sance lens itself makes short shrift of the powerful narrative that the renaissance is unique only to europe famously comparative philosophy began in india with a glint in b seal s eye when he seized upon the opportunity afforded to him through as he put it the fortuitous juxtaposition of two great cultures brought on by colonialism 13 today this project has found its place in at least some niches in the modern global academy minds without fear makes us consider the possibility that simple compare and contrast exercises may be intellectually empty for reasons elucidated by some of seal s progeny the book nudges its readers to seek a truly free knowledge a knowledge which honestly faces up to its social grounding with a wink towards those philosophers who still await conclusive proofs of philosophical activity in non euroamerican philosophical traditions the book would say sometimes the confirmation may simply be found in the kheer a pudding like dessert in india 69 nalini bhushan and jay l garfield minds without fear philosophy in the indian renaissance oxford university press 2017 isbn 135798642 334 pages us 49 95 hbk monika kirloskar steinbach is a professor in the department of philosophy at the university of konstanz posted on february 16 2018 february 16 2024 by admin posted in from the archives intellectual history philosophy tagged history of philosophy india world philosophies life technics and the decline of the west by ian james kidd oswald spengler is best known as the author of der untergang des abendlandes the decline of the west a classic doomsday vision first published in 1917 describing the inevitable slide into intellectual social and cultural decay of our faustian culture it was followed two years later by preussentum und sozialismus which called for martial virtues like discipline and self sacrifice as the best most heroic responses to the doom awaiting us both the dark vision of history and life and the celebration of martial heroism persisted into spengler s next book der mensch und die technik first published in 1932 and reissued last year by routledge as part of their revivals series oswald spengler source bundesarchiv bild 183 r06610 cc by sa 3 0 unfortunately this new edition is a flat reprint lacking an introduction therefore leaving readers in the dark about how the book fits within spengler s oeuvre that s to be regretted since in certain respects man and technics its english title represents a change of mood for spengler its subtitle a contribution to a philosophy of life strikes an oddly positive tone where the life spoken of is the raw almost primal thing spoken of by early twentieth century lebensphilosophen like spengler s french contemporary henri bergson certainly man and technics has many things in common with der untergang its brooding character grand ambition and agonistic vision of life but there is also underneath that something different to see what this is though a little context might help the historian jeffrey herf classified spengler as a reactionary modernist one of a loose group of german historians philosophers cultural critics and others that included carl schmitt ernst jünger and others the reactionary modernists aimed says herf to reconcil e the antimodernist romantic and irrationalist ideas present in german nationalism with the most obvious manifestation of means end rationality namely technology an older cultural spirit filled with geist völkisch identity and nietzschean will to power was merged remarkably with new industrial and military technology fulfilling the idea of a reactionary modernism an embrace of the modern but reacting against what spengler lambasted as the devastating shallowness of its liberalism utilitarianism and materialism profit utility and other bourgeois values stifle the true essence of technics complained spengler who inveigles against progress philistines who fail to perceive in machines a pulsing will zur macht cover of ernst jünger s der arbeiter herrschaft und gestalt 1932 only when the depth of technics is properly grasped can the soul of man be set free such is the aim of a genuine philosophy of life fuelled by a philosophy of technology and history focused on the release of vast energies and power understandably spengler s vision in man and technics was welcomed by the national socialists with josef goebbels s proclaiming the inauguration of an age that is both romantic and steellike a vision of a reactionary modernist state but spengler for his part resisted their efforts complaining if obliquely that their militaristic zeal was just as shallow as those of the bourgeoisie the essence of technics he wrote is identical with the soul of man not the ends of military ambition man and technics is less a manifesto for a militarised technological state than the history of man from his origins that affords at its most portentous a provisional glimpse into our destiny talk of destiny is of course not new to spengler decline of the west offered a morphology of world cultures a description of the cyclical processes that dictate the movement of a kultur into the degenerate form spengler called a zivilisation with a sweeping historical gaze the waxing and waning of these world cultures is described from the classical culture of ancient greece and rome through the hindu magian and finally the faustian in the beginning these cultures are potent and energetic generating original images and values that coalesce in a prime symbol like the nude statue of rome a symbol of pride power and autonomy such cultural forms gestalt are however swept up in irresistible transhistorical forces destined to gradually decline losing the vitality and energy that sustained their rise in time they degenerate into civilizations orderly and stable lacking vigorous energy and so declining into defeat or extinction it was of course spengler s explanation of the decline of german culture into weimar civilization as a product of historical forces beyond knowledge or control that made decline of the west so popular in its day scholars of course attacked spengler s procrustean historiography and his vast generalisations but the german public was captivated socially depressed and politically exhausted as much of germany was it s easy to see why spengler s appeal to morphological forces was an attractive diagnosis of decline even if it came at the cost of profound fatalism by the 1930s though the appeal of spengler s original pessimistic historical determinism was fading emboldened by the rise of national socialism the new mood was more optimistic germany s political and economic fortunes were changing pushing out talk of inevitable decline certainly it now came to seem premature for spengler to speak of german decline with so many signs of activity life and power similar sentiments flowed through writings by other reactionary modernists in the early 1930s always with industrial technology as a proof and symbol of this restoration among the most important of these fellow travellers was the war hero writer and rhapsodist of battle ernst jünger a couple of years before man and technics jünger published two landmark works a vivid essay die totale mobilmachung 1930 and its longer companion der arbeiter 1932 the titular concepts pull together in a vision of a totally mobilised society whose entire energies resources and people are concentrated into a singular goal pursued by a vast collective of workers these are not muscular fellows labouring in overalls but creatures at once bees and titans utterly dominated by an inexorable desire to summon all possible forces deploying them for the purposes of struggle domination and violence technology on this vision is an expression of this primeval impulse to total mobilisation to generate and unleash a collectivised will to power upon the world spengler too celebrates the violent transformative character of technics man and technics describes a restlessly stirring will to power that embraces the world in the gigantic power of its technical processes sleepless factories roaring furnaces tireless production lines all of these show the on going manifestation of technics the dynamic agonistic force that spengler conceived as a metaphysical force channelling nietzsche s der wille zur macht technics is characterised as immemorially old immensely general underlying all of life and history through much of our history technics was manifested mainly in natural forces and processes but with the age of technology of jünger s world of totally mobilised arbeiter we enter a new stage in the history of our species indeed ours is the final stage the dramatic point of culmination the creature is rising up against its creator warns spengler since under loathsome bourgeois influence we are becoming the slave of the machine seeking comfort profit and utility we are being lulled to sleep dominated by technics surrendering our vital power and spirit man and technics contributes to a philosophy of life then by awakening in us a sense of our doom it is at this point that spengler combines his earlier historical determinism with the new sense of agency and power ultimately we are doomed he says to live in a stage in the history of human cultures where the release of those underlying energies reaches its final stages mass mobilisation mechanised warfare and other dimensions of modern industrial and military existence force us into a grim pitiless no quarter battle of the will to power the ultimate expression of technics unlike every age before the active fighting charged nature of the soul of man finds total expression a vast outpouring of power able on the one hand to display our potencies but on the other to culminate in our destruction the curse and grandeur of the modern age declares spengler lies in our being witnesses to and indeed participants in the historical moment of the total realisation of technics when the soul of man finds its fullest most satisfying expression the cost of course is our destruction eradicated in a titanic global release of violent energies insatiable strife and vast chaos that will leave our faustian civilization in fragments forgotten in ruins like old memphis and babylon for spengler however this is no cause for despair since it affords us something momentous the choice of achilles a short life full of deeds and glory or a long life without content although the bourgeoisie of weimar germany urge the latter those who appreciate that the essence of technics is identical with the soul of man will see acutely keenly that a short life active fighting and charged affords our only true satisfaction man and technics is full of these sorts of remarks testaments to the evocative style and vision of its author spengler is if nothing else a fascinating read captivating and frustrating in almost equal measure certainly no one should read his works as historical analyses much less as prognostications even if his vision of the relentless extension of technology into all areas of life does ring true there are many technophiles writing during this period among whom spengler sits among the most dramatic in a sense the interest of his work lies in its emotional appeal his capacity in the words of one historian to bewitch you the way he compels you to forget that we know better perhaps it s best to explain spengler s appeal in terms of his capacity to dramatize an ideal better than any other reactionary modernist the ideal or vision is what thomas mann called a technological romanticism infusing technology with soul even with destiny if technics goes deep an embrace of it is a source of depth a way to be says spengler in the silent service of being there s a rich resonance here with deeper currents in german intellectual history a full account of spengler needs to include german romanticism kant lebensphilosophie hegel s vision of history nietzsche s metaphysics of the will to power the later heidegger s history of being among others if locating spengler among such philosophically illustrious company seems overgenerous one should consider to take one example his influence on heidegger s later writings themselves so important to modern cultural criticism and environmental thought man and technics describes how we think only in horsepower now a waterfall appears as a source of electric power a field of cattle is a source of meat supply and we see the origins of the later heidegger s conception of technology a way of revealing things and the world in the narrow terms of human use both spengler s technics and the later heidegger s technology offer a vision of reality and human life totalising violent dramatic the difference is however that the former ends in our inevitable doom whereas the latter offers the enigmatic prospect of a saving power an eventual emergence into a post technological world spengler s own life ended without the drama and vigour described in his books his criticisms of nazi ideology such as its racist biology made his final days uncomfortable declining invitations to honours professorships and invitations to address the nazi elite spengler awkwardly played up to his lone prophet status i do my thinking independently of parties tendencies and interests he said and for that reason see more keenly studying the morphology of world history then meant staying away from local and particular manifestations of its deep rhythms and dynamics fortunately for spengler the nazis froze him out leaving him to live out his days reflecting on his cassandra status as an unheeded prophet by 1936 his influence was almost nil although interest in his work would sporadically recur not least among scholars of heidegger and ludwig wittgenstein and other cultural pessimists certainly the existing scholarship on spengler does not exhaust his interest or influence on twentieth century history politics or philosophy barely a handful of books exist alongside a small scholarship it is to be hoped that the reissue of man and technics might encourage others to look again at spengler although this routledge edition a straight reissue of charles francis atkinson s 1932 translation with no introduction or scholarly notes priced at seventy pounds is overpriced and underserved the few who read it though may find something more interesting than they might expect from the brooding pessimistic author of decline of the west oswald spengler man and technics a contribution to a philosophy of life translated by charles francis atkinson london routledge 2016 isbn 13 978 1 138 23180 hbk 104 pages hardback gbp 68 00 ian james kidd is an assistant professor of philosophy at the university of nottingham uk he has research interests in the history of late nineteenth and early twentieth century austro german philosophy and co edited wittgenstein and scientism routledge 2017 posted on november 22 2017 february 16 2024 by admin posted in from the 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