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berg the principal dravidian tribes are the gonds khonds and oraons the gonds were once dominant over the greater part of the central provinces which was called gondwana 71 after them the above three names have in each case been given to the tribes by the hindus the following tribes are found in the province gond oraon or kurukh khond kolām parja kamār tribal castes bhatra halba dhoba doubtful kawar dhanwār the gonds and khonds call themselves koi or koitur a word which seems to mean man or hillman the oraon tribe call themselves kurukh which has also been supposed to be connected with the kolarian horo man the name oraon given to them by the hindus may mean farmservant while dhangar an alternative name for the tribe has certainly this signification there seems good reason to suppose that the gonds and khonds were originally one tribe divided through migration 72 the kolāms are a small tribe of the wardha valley whose dialect resembles those of the gonds and khonds they may have split off from the parent tribe in southern india and come northwards separately the parjas appear to represent the earliest gond settlers in bastar who were subjugated by later gond and rāj gond immigrants the halbas and bhatras are mixed tribes or tribal castes descended from the unions of gonds and hindus the so called tribals of india adivasi drummer adivasi woman adivasi stilt dancers ādivāsīs devanagri आदिवासी literally original inhabitants is an umbrella term for a heterogeneous set of ethnic and tribal groups believed to be the aboriginal population of india 1 2 3 they comprise a substantial indigenous minority of the population of india adivasi traditions and practices pervade all aspects of indian culture and civilization yet this awareness is often lacking in popular consciousness and the extent and import of adivasi contributions to indian philosophy language and custom have often gone unrecognized or been underrated by historians and social scientists although popular myths about buddhism have obscured the original source and inspiration for it s humanist doctrine it is to india s ancient tribal or adivasi societies that gautam buddha looked for a model for the kind of society he wished to advocate repulsed by how greed for private property was instrumental in causing poverty social exploitation and unending warfare he saw hope for human society in the tribal republics that had not yet come under the sway of authoritarian rule and caste discrimination the early buddhist sanghas were modelled on the tribal pattern of social interaction that stressed gender equality and respect for all members members of the sanghas sought to emulate their egalitarian outlook and democratic functioning at that time the tribal republics retained many aspects of social equality that can still be found in some adivasi societies that have somehow escaped the ill effects of commercial plunder and exploitation adivasi society was built on a foundation of equality with respect for all life forms including plants and trees there was a deep recognition of mutual dependence in nature and human society people were given respect and status according to their contribution to social needs but only while they were performing that particular function a priest could be treated with great respect during a religious ceremony or a doctor revered during a medical consultation but once such duties had been performed the priest or doctor became equal to everyone else the possession of highly valued skills or knowledge did not lead to a permanent rise in status this meant that no individual or small group could engage in overlordship of any kind or enjoy hereditary rights tribal societies came under stress due to several factors the extension of commerce military incursions on tribal land and the resettling of brahmins amidst tribal populations had an impact as did ideological coercion or persuasion to attract key members of the tribe into mainstream hindu society this led to many tribal communities becoming integrated into hindu society as jatis or castes while others who resisted were pushed into the hilly or forested areas or remote tracks that had not yet been settled in the worst case defeated adivasi tribes were pushed to the margins of settled society and became discriminated as outcastes and untouchables adivasis who developed an intimate knowledge of various plants and their medicinal uses played an invaluable role in the development of ayurvedic medicines in a recent study the all india coordinated research project credits adivasi communities with the knowledge of 9000 plant species 7500 used for human healing and veterinary health care dental care products like datun roots and condiments like turmeric used in cooking and ointments are also adivasi discoveries as are many fruit trees and vines ayurvedic cures for arthritis and night blindness owe their origin to adivasi knowledge as soon as the british took over eastern india tribal revolts broke out to challenge alien rule in the early years of colonization no other community in india offered such heroic resistance to british rule or faced such tragic consequences as did the numerous adivasi communities of now jharkhand chhatisgarh orissa and bengal in 1772 the paharia revolt broke out which was followed by a five year uprising led by tilka manjhi who was hanged in bhagalpur in 1785 the tamar and munda revolts followed in the next two decades revolts took place in singhbhum gumla birbhum bankura manbhoom and palamau followed by the great kol risings of 1832 and the khewar and bhumij revolts 1832 34 in 1855 the santhals waged war against the permanent settlement of lord cornwallis and a year later numerous adivasi leaders played key roles in the 1857 war of independence bhils women the bhils are the third largest tribe in india after the gonds and the santhals in the state of madhya pradesh they are prominently found in the dhar jhabua and west nimar regions anthropologists believe that the word bhil is derived from the dravidian word bil or vil meaning a bow bhils tribesman bonda woman and child bonda woman bonda woman and child young bonda woman the bonda or bondo are an ancient tribe of people numbering approximately 5000 who live in the isolated hill regions of the malkangiri district of southwesternmost orissa india near the junction of the three states of orissa chhattisgarh and andhra pradesh in contrast with many other populations in india the number of females among the bondas greatly exceeds the number of males known to be aggressive the bonda have resisted the efforts of the indian government to manage them gadaba elder women gadaba artifacts gadaba male elder the gadabas are agricultural tribe of ganjam and vizagapatnam district they were formerly employed as palanquin bearers and plantation labourers their population is about 30 000 they speak mundari language and have dark skin colour and mongoloid features gond males the gondi gōndi are a people in central india the gondi or gond people are spread over the states of madhya pradesh eastern maharashtra vidarbha chhattisgarh northern andhra pradesh and western orissa with over four million people they are the largest tribe in central india khond artifacts khond woman orissa the khond one of the scheduled tribe of the jharkhand state are found in the districts of singhbhum and hazaribagh they are an africoid tribe they have probably migrated from the orissa in the state of orissa khond is a major community munda family young munda women munda elder woman munda family the munda languages of india are among the most poorly known of the world s languages spoken by so called tribals primarily in the eastern and central india states of jharkhand and orissa with enclaves in adjacent states of chhattisgarh madhya pradesh and west bengal despite representing the oldest known layer of population in india predating the dravidian and indo aryan peoples that dominate the area today the linguistic relatives of the munda in the large austroasiatic language family are to be found in remote mountainous regions scattered across southeast asia thailand malaysia laos southern china in addition to the far eastern indian regions of meghalaya and the nicobar islands as well as the national languages of cambodia and vietnam naga man naga elder naga elder more than four million naga tribal peoples are found in nagaland parts of manipur assam and arunachal pradesh in north east india and parts of myanmar burma such as the sagaing division the ancient indians belonged to the kushsite african race still numerious in a wide area of the globe spread from india in the east to senegal in the west of this group of ancient blacks the naga people were and still are the largest subgroup of the kushitic speaking branch of the black african race in fact the nagas still retain the title naga in various forms throughout africa and south asia even today there are many examples of the term naga still being used to describe various groups in africa and asia who are all of the kushitic branch of the black african race for example the blacks of west africa were called nugarmar ta nagomina is the name of a tribe from west africa who were part of a series of great civilizations which existed in the region before 1000 b c the naga are another group of people related to india s naga people who live in various parts of east africa and in the nation of sudan the original homeland of all naga and other kushitic black peoples the word nahas is another word for nubian names of tribes and nationalities such as nuer nuba nubian are all related to the naga tribes of india and south asia long before the barbarians infiltrated india the blacks naga negrito negroid and all those belonging to the negroid australoid black race as well as pure negritic racial types ruled india as well as a substantial portion of asia from arabia to china and the south pacific as well as the indian ocean region runoko rashidi siddi woman siddi man siddi girl young siddi man young siddi girl young siddi boy more on the siddis the people known as siddi and other so called tribals represent the indominable spirit of african people who adapt to the environment in which they have been thrust maintaining the essential sprit and core principles in spite of external factors is the true meaning of the word warrior with regard to the siddi people themselves the accomplishments attributed to them have influenced a term that indicates high unusual rare achievement the term is siddha and signifies a master of high spiritual attainment in the hindu and buddhist traditions a siddha சித்தா in tamil means one who is accomplished and refers to perfected masters who according to belief have transcended the ego or i maker have subdued their minds to be subservient to their awareness and have transformed their bodies composed mainly of dense rajo tama gunas into a different kind of body dominated by sattva this is usually accomplished only by persistent meditation tamil nadu tradition of siddhahood in south india a siddha refers to a being who has achieved a high degree of physical as well as spiritual perfection or enlightenment the ultimate demonstration of this is that siddhas allegedly attained physical immortality thus siddha like siddhar or cittar indigenisation of sanskrit terms in tamil nadu refers to a person who has realised the goal of a type of sadhana and become a perfected being in tamil nadu south india where the siddha tradition is still practiced special individuals are recognized as and called siddhas or siddhars or cittars who are on the path to that assumed perfection after they have taken special secret rasayanas to perfect their bodies in order to be able to sustain prolonged meditation along with a form of pranayama which considerably reduces the number of breaths they take mahasidda virupa mahasidda padampa bodhidharma mahasidda tilopa it was the mahasiddhas who instituted the practices that birthed the inner tantras of dzogchen practiced by the nyingma school of tibetan buddhism the other schools of tibetan buddhism and other vajrayana buddhists such as shingon buddhism practice mahamudra meditation also a practice initiated by the original buddhist mahasiddha each mahasiddha has come to be known for certain characteristics and teachings which facilitates their pedagogical use one of the most beloved mahasiddhas is virupa who may be taken as the patron saint of the sakyapa sect and instituted the lam dre tibetan lam bras teachings virupa alternate orthographies birwapa birupa lived in 9th century india and was known for his great attainments best known as machig labdron s teacher the indian mahasiddha padampa sangye is counted as a lineage guru by all schools of tibetan buddhism he brought the lineage of chöd to tibet carried the buddha s teachings to china and is even asserted in the tibetan tradition to have been the legendary bodhidharma tilopa tibetan sanskrit talika 988 1069 was an indian tantric practitioner and mahasiddha he discovered the mahamudra process a set of spiritual practices that greatly accelerated the process of attaining bodhi enlightenment he is regarded as the human founder of the kagyu lineage of tibetan buddhism mahasidda naropa student of tilopa tantric yogi nāropā or naropa prakrit sanskrit nādapradā 956 1041 was an indian buddhist yogi mystic and monk he was the disciple of tilopa and brother or some sources say partner and pupil of niguma 1 naropa was the main teacher of marpa the founder of the kagyu school of tibetan buddhism as an indian tantric buddhist he has a place in vajrayana buddhism as a whole but he is particularly renowned in tibetan buddhism via his name being attached to the six yogas of naropa a suite of advanced yogic practices for the attainment of skills siddhas marpa student of naropa milarepa student of marpa marpa lotsawa 1012 1097 or marpa the translator was a tibetan buddhist teacher credited with the transmission of many buddhist teachings to tibet from india including the teachings and lineages of vajrayana and mahamudra marpa spent many years translating buddhist scriptures and made a major contribution to the transmission of the complete buddhadharma to tibet marpa continued to practice and give teachings and transmissions to many students in tibet after his third visit to india milarepa became his disciple who inherited his lineage in full marpa lived with his wife dakmema and their sons in lhodrak in the southern part of tibet milarepa is one of the most widely known tibetan saints in a superhuman effort he rose above the miseries of his younger life and with the help of his guru marpa the translator took to a solitary life of meditation until he had achieved the pinnacle of the enlightened state never to be born again into the samsara whirlpool of life and death of worldly existence out of compassion for humanity he undertook the most rigid asceticism to reach ...