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a for the agribusiness and industrial sectors of the hermosillo area and for the city s domestic water consumers images of the yaqui river running into the sea as it did before the damming of the river amounts to a sacrilege a waste of fresh water in arid land voices that note that the health of the mar de cortés and its estuaries depend on these flows of rich river water are not part of the water debate in sonora coursing through their campaign to support the independencia aqueduct is a sense of injustice that sonora s largest rive r is not more equitably shared what aqueduct opponents find so infuriating is that hermosillo has neither cared for its own water basin nor prioritized the domestic consumption of the water of the hermosillo municipio where only 2 of the water is for human consumption while 84 goes to agribusiness in the costa de hermosillo and elsewhere in the municipio while the novillo hermosillo conflict has focused on water flows of the yaqui river there has only been passing attention to issues of waste distribution efficiency and conservation either in the yaqui valley or in hermos illo as much as 40 in hermosillo s municipal water distribution is lost through leaks that often go unrepaired for days or weeks nicolás pineda pablos a professor of public policy at the colegio de sonora observed that the management problem is worse than the problems posed by the actual supply of water prioritization is also a core management problem of limited water resources according to pineda water managers in hermosillo or in state government have done virtually nothing to decrease water flows to agribusiness in any of the agribusiness centers of sonora if you want to have big city growth you can t also have agriculture pineda told the new york times in the yaqui valley leaders of the anti aqueduct campaign opposition insist water in each river basin should remain in that basin what s more they dispute the notion that there is more than enough water in the yaqui river basin to regularly supply hermosillo with 30 mm 3 to 75 mm 3 of river water while not disputing the assertion that the monsoon season can sometimes deliver more rain than the dams can manage the yaqui valley irrigation district points to the many years in recent decades when the angostura novillo and oviáchic reservoirs were far from capacity in 2013 for example the reservoirs on the yaqui river held 44 9 of their capacity in late june but ten years previously 2003 the reservoirs contained just 9 2 of their capacity at the same time of the year with el novillo holding just 8 1 of its capacity leading figures in the no al novillo coalition have conceded that during wet years there might enough water to channel 75 000 mm 3 to hermosillo but in dry years which are increasingly common the water consumers in the lower yaqui river basin would experience severe water shortages they contend the state water commission arguing in favor of the novillo hermosillo aqueduct contended that even if the aqueduct annually transferred the maximum 75 mm 3 of water to hermosillo this would represent 2 5 3 of all the water in the river basin such arguments fail to persuade opponents who countered that the river was already over committed and such estimations didn t consider such factors as increasing and more prolonged droughts evaporation losses and unknown quantities of unregulated water extractions by mining companies ranchers and farmers both sides in the yaqui water war took to citing provisions of article 27 of the mexican constitution and national water law the no al novillo campaign noted that national water law as enshrined in the constitution considers a water basin as an autonomous unit of property and water that should be managed by a council of basin stakeholders what they don t readily acknowledge however is that such basin councils are rare and furthermore there are many cases of inter basin transfers of water including in the mexico city region governor padrés brandished what has been a winning pro aqueduct argument for most sonorans namely that water is now for all sonoroenses and not longer for just a few it is an argument that resonates with the mexican constitution s guarantee albeit far from the reality of potable water access for all mexicans even as support for the governor plummeted in late summer 2014 public support outside of the yaqui valley region for the governor s projects to dam and transfer water to water poor urban and rural areas was little affected although the support came coupled with demands that these projects abide by the rule of law the city s commercial construction industrial and agricultural elite and their associations stood at the forefront of statewide campaign in favor of the novillo hermosillo aqueduct the pro aqueduct campaign also counted on the support of the state water commission cea and conagua which provided most of the funds for the aqueduct recognizing that government pro aqueduct propaganda along with the imposition of the will and power of the state government wasn t enough to dissuade the opposition the padrés administration began loosening the state government s purse strings along with those of federal grants to create a legal facade for the draining of the yaqui river typical of mexico s governance practices cea staring buying water rights from small landholders along the middle yaqui river basin as well as offering payouts to valley producers who would agree at least rhetorically to yield their water rights although cea led the publicity campaign justifying the transfer of water the state water commission had the firm backing of conagua during the calderón administration in a july 2010 visit to hermosillo president calderón gave the presidential blessing to the assertion by conagua that it had secured almost 52 mm 3 of water from the yaqui river basin that were not accounted for or distributed and which could therefore be transferred through the planned aqueduct according to conagua this available yaqui river water could be used to meet the basic needs of the city and permit its development after the calderón sexenio ended conagua became pronouncedly more distant from padrés and cea but the federal government under president enrique peña nieto continued granting funds for sonora si projects including aqueducts and dams handing out government funds which remain largely unaccounted for did create a flimsy legal facade for the transfer of water rights to hermosillo moreover other government payouts to those who would express support for the aqueduct created divisions in the yaqui valley including among yaquis themselves particularly those with a history of working for state government programs posted by tom barry at 5 41 pm no comments email this blogthis share to x share to facebook share to pinterest pri and sonora s water wars the no al novillo sonora si that gripped the state for most of the padrés elías years as governor have proved to be a diversion from a serious public reflection on the state s water future and the sustainability of its economic development models especially agribusiness mining and uncontrolled urban growth in desert regions the new pri government of governor claudia pavlovich will likely try to pacify yaqui militancy and to build new alliance with the more conservative social and economic sectors of the yaqui valley by unleashing the party s well practiced patronage schemes sonora si will likely be dismantled but not the water megaprojects it sponsored yet the ability of the new pri regime to consolidate control and power and to count on popular support in sonora will be severely tested for one thing the pri government of peña nieto is in ruins for an array of political economic and legal reasons making matters worse is the state of finances in sonora with the outgoing pan officials having effectively depleted the state treasury leaving the state with an unprecedented public debt the capacity therefore of governor pavlovich to put the state together again with party favors and handouts is limited just one sign of the chaotic state of sonora s finances is the failure of the state water commission to pay the small farmers along the yaqui river who supposedly sold their water rights as part of a plan that would allow cea conagua and sonora si to claim that there was enough water in the yaqui river to supply hermosillo through the new aqueduct as the new pri administration takes control of sonora it will surely face new water wars and new water crises looking back over the forces that shaped the water battlegrounds of the past five years may help illustrate the challenges that lie ahead for the yaquis hermosillo and water users throughout the state posted by tom barry at 5 24 pm no comments email this blogthis share to x share to facebook share to pinterest thursday august 13 2015 water wars and megaprojects in sonora water wars share on facebook share on twitter share on email share on print more sharing services august 10 2015 report by tom barry download pdf the mexican border state of sonora is expanding its hydraulic society in the face of climate change an escalating water crisis and indigenous opposition this center for international policy investigative and policy report examines sonora s water crisis and the faltering condition of the state s hydraulic society a society largely shaped by and dependent on governmental water projects a close look at the controversy over a new aqueduct pumping water from the yaqui river illustrates the new water tensions that societies on both sides of the border are experiencing and underscores problematic and unsustainable responses to the water disaster developing across the transborder west the first part of the report examines the issues directly associated with the yaqui water war while the second part examines the mining boom and impacts on the sonora and yaqui rivers posted by tom barry at 2 00 pm no comments email this blogthis share to x share to facebook share to pinterest friday july 31 2015 wars resistance and division in yaqui river valley sonora chronicles wars resistance and division in yaqui river valley anti aqueduct blockade at estación vícam yaqui flag and an anti aqueduct meeting in 2013 involving anti aqueduct governors and voceros mario luna and tomás rojo photos by tom barry over the past four centuries the yaqui have routinely suffered the loss of their land water and autonomy despite fierce resistance throughout mexico the militancy of the yaqui in the face of spanish u s and mexican incursions and occupations is legendary even in sonora where the yaqui have suffered campaigns of removal and extermination they have achieved iconic status sculptures and images of yaqui deer dancers are found everywhere in tourism promotion on state highways and on state buildings the persistence of yaqui demands for independence and of their resistance to attempts by investors and colonizers to occupy the yaqui valley led to these military campaigns to eliminate the yaqui the wars against the yaqui especially during the porfiriato 1876 1910 were in effect ethnocide campaigns it wasn t until a decade after the mexican revolution 1910 1917 that the yaqui resistance was finally crushed in the revolutionary government s 1926 1929 military campaign in 1977 noted mexican historian héctor aguilar camín observed it is likely that yaqui history from 1876 to 1930 could have been written as if the mexican revolution never happened porfiriato or revolution the repression of the yaquis was driven by the same historical forces and even a similar social context it was a process in which civilization yanked the tribe from the most fertile lands in sonora and broke their resistance with a war with mercy whose goal was eradication and extermination i novelist and historian paco ignacio taibo ii who wrote the recent book yaquis historia de una guerra popular y de un genocidio en méxico yaquis history of a popular war and genocide in mexico said through all the years i have spent exploring mexico s past i have found infamous and tragic stories but of them all the history of the yaquis is at the same time the worst and the most glorious ciudad obregón which emerged as the center of the anti aqueduct coalition was named in honor of the revolutionary general and president álvaro obregón but the original name of the settlement was cajeme the name the war name of the yaqui leader jose maría leyva cajeme led the yaqui resistance against the porfírio díaz regime until he was executed in 1887 cajeme remains the name of the county that includes ciudad obregón and several yaqui towns as president of mexico obregón who was born in the mayo delta played a key role in opening the yaqui valley to foreign agricultural investors survival and pacification by some measures the yaqui have fared better than other indigenous people in sonora and elsewhere in northern mexico dozens of other native groups no longer exist or whose small numbers presage eventual extinction today about 30 000 yaquis inhabit the yaqui valley roughly the same number the jesuits encountered in the early 1600s other yaqui live scattered throughout mexico and the united states including the yaqui community of pascua outside of tucson from a certain perspective the yaqui have emerged over the centuries as victors since they first repelled the spanish their victories maintaining their language gaining rights to a large part of their traditional homeland and winning guarantees of their rights to half of the water flowing in the upper yaqui river basin set them apart from most other indigenous communities in mexico ii one has only to witness a meeting of yaqui communities presided over by their gobernadores governors in their native cahitan language to appreciate their endurance and determination they maintain rights to one of the most coveted farming regions of northern mexico despite the long history of occupation including deportation campaigns massacres and enslavement in rubber plantations of chiapas but survival is a low measure of success relative to dominant mestizo and ladino white elite sonoran society the yaqui are a marginalized people whose future prospects are grim unemployment is more than 70 and 85 of yaquis are impoverished few yaqui have more than sixth grade education infectious diseases cancer skin rashes and digestive disorders run rampant through yaqui communities many factors explain the social marginalization and impoverishment of the yaqui people mirroring more or less the same desperate circumstances facing most of mexico s indigenous population but socioeconomic studies aren t necessary to identify a central factor in keeping the yaqui on the margins of the economic development that surrounds them ______________________________________________ socioeconomic overview of the yaqui in sonora 70 unemployment 96 have incomes less than 450 monthly more than 90 have electricity in homes m...