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h 1 the events of september 11 2001 influenced wellbeing and security beyond the regions directly attacked 2 4 many people throughout the united states felt they were at risk from terrorism risk perceptions along with antiterrorism programs laws and policies e g airport security regulations visa restrictions and warrantless surveillance affected americans lifestyles and behaviors in the months following the attacks 40 to 50 of us adults still feared for their safety4 5 and 11 reported changed behaviors such as avoiding public gatherings 6 7 risk perception theories and research posit that individuals assess risks based on a balance of many factors including the probability of a hazard or risk personally affecting them the severity of the personal consequences from risk exposure feelings of personal control the perceived inequality of risk distribution across society and trust in institutions managing risks 8 9 for instance a national survey conducted 2 months after the attacks of september 11 found that the distance between one s home and the world trade center was inversely correlated with perceptions of terrorism risk among non hispanic whites 9 by contrast latinos and african americans judgments of future terror risks were not affected by how far they lived from new york city these results are consistent with findings of lower risk perceptions among politically conservative white males who feel greater control over their environment and greater trust in the institutions protecting them 10 as noted by fischhoff the estimation of personal risk and vulnerability to terrorism may act as a key motivator to behavioral adaptations including avoidance of usual activities or increased adoption of protective behaviors 11 14 those who believe they are particularly vulnerable to a riskmay be motivated to perform risk reduction studies document that vulnerable populations such as the chronically ill the physically disabled non white racial ethnic minorities and immigrants bear a disproportionate burden of harm from natural disasters15 18 and that there are racial ethnic differences in perceived risks of natural disasters 15 similarly research finds specifically that african americans and latinos perceive they are at greater risk from terrorism than do non latino whites 9 19 a survey conducted less than a year after september 11 2001 reported that african americans were most likely to limit their outside activities and change their mode of transportation in response to fears of terrorism 5 also a national survey found that persons with disabilities were more anxious about their personal risk from terrorism than were persons without disabilities even when equally prepared 20 another study reported that persons who increased their disaster preparations in response to the possibility of terrorist attacks included african americans latinos persons with disabilities or household dependents and non us born populations 21 as with health and disasters generally these populations may experience disparities in the effects of terrorism and terrorism policies including their risk perceptions and avoidant behavior an israeli survey found that large social groups including women had adapted their daily behaviors to minimize the impact of terrorism risks free download journal here read more read more posted by maz bow at 10 25 pm 0 comments psychiatric treatment received by primary care patients with panic disorder with and without agoraphobia panic disorder is fairly common with a 12 month prevalence rate of 2 7 and a lifetime prevalence rate of 4 7 1 2 the course of panic disorder tends to be chronic with high rates of recurrence after remission particularly for panic disorder with agoraphobia 3 5 furthermore individuals with panic disorder experience considerable impairment and disability including occupational difficulties 6 9 impaired well being 10 12 and reduced quality of life 9 14 they also have higher rates of health care use with a greater number of outpatient visits emergency room visits and hospitalizations compared with those without the disorder 8 10 15 individuals with panic disorder typically present to the primary care setting with estimates suggesting that as many as 80 of cases first present to primary care 16 thus the rate of the disorder is higher in primary care settings with a reported median prevalence of 4 to 6 8 furthermore the majority of individuals with panic disorder obtain their mental health treatment in the primary care setting 17 18 despite these findings research suggests that panic disorder often goes unrecognized 19 20 and is inadequately treated in both primary care 8 21 23 and psychiatric settings 24 26 a number of effective pharmacologic treatments for panic disorder exist including tricyclic antidepressants tcas selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ssris serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors snris and benzodiazepines 27 30 likewise psychosocial treatments namely cognitive behavioral therapy 30 31 and possibly a specific form of psychoanalytic treatment 32 have been found to be effective despite this estimates suggest that over 40 of individuals with panic disorder go untreated 33 certain demographic characteristics for example gender education and race and clinical variables for example comorbid diagnoses appear to be related to mental health service use in general 34 36 additionally there may be other factors that have an impact on service use such as not perceiving oneself in need of treatment 37 for individuals with panic disorder who do receive treatment little is known about the treatment typically received and no studies have examined whether there are differences in treatment between persons with panic disorder with agoraphobia and those with panic disorder without agoraphobia brook a marcks ph d risa b weisberg ph d martin b keller m d free download journal here read more read more posted by maz bow at 10 09 pm 0 comments tuesday february 10 2009 the impact of corruption on deforestation a cross country evidence cuneyt koyuncu rasim yilmaz the journal of developing areas nashville spring 2 we hypothesized that corruption could contribute to deforestation the present study therefore try to identify such a relation between corruption and deforestation by using three different corruption indices we found a statistically significant strong positive relation between corruption and deforestation for different periods across different countries this finding remains valid in both univariate and multivariate models also the model takes the potential heteroscedasticity problem common in cross section studies into account and makes correction if necessary to our best knowledge this study is the first cross country study addressing to the issue by utilizing all available corruption indices namely corruption perception index cpi international country risk guide icrg index and business intelligence bi index policies and measures taken towards reducing corruption therefore may help to decrease illegal forest activities e g illegal logging and timbering smuggling of forest products etc and in turn depletion of forests download here read more read more posted by maz bow at 9 58 am 4 comments the reliability of marking on a psychology degree christopher dracup british journal of psychology london nov 1997 vol 88 part 4 pg 691 18 pgs the reliability of marking for the final cohort of students to graduate from the psychology degree scheme in place at the university of northumbria at newcastle between 1985 and 1993 was investigated inter marker correlations for some course components were low but the correlation between students overall first marks and their overall second marks was 93 a value in keeping with those typically reported for national school examinations the reliability of a student s overall agreed mark was estimated to be 96 and the standard error of measurement to be about 1 per cent further analyses went on to consider the influence of question and option choice on reliability the representativeness of the cohort studied and the effects of agreeing marks rather than simply averaging first and second marks cronbach s alpha was proposed as a means of estimating reliability in the absence of second marking and was used to compare the reliability of first and second markers the possibility of second marking the work only of those students who were classified as borderline on the basis of their first marks was discussed the paper concludes with a reminder that reliability does not guarantee validity reliability is a fundamental requirement of any assessment procedure the greater the reliability of an assessment the more certain we can be that observed differences between individuals on the assessment are the result of real differences between the individuals on whatever the assessment is measuring rather than the result of random error reliability does not guarantee validity the fact that differences on an assessment do result from real differences between individuals on whatever the assessment is measuring does not guarantee that what it is measuring is what we want it to measure however the reliability of a test does set an upper bound on the possible validity of a test classical test theory tells us that the correlation between observed scores of individuals on a measurement and their true scores on the variable underlying that measurement is equal to the square root of the reliability coefficient it follows that the correlation between the observed scores and any criterion variable cannot be greater than this value hence the criterion validity of a measurement can not exceed the square root of the reliability coefficient gulliksen 1987 p 33 many factors can contribute to the unreliability of an assessment the particular sample of questions asked the timing of the assessment etc one contributor of particular concern to those interested in measuring educational attainment is marker unreliability if a marker is inconsistent in the way in which he or she allocates marks to examination answers then some of the observed differences in the scores of those sitting the examination will not be due to real differences in the quality of their answers but to the marker s inconsistencies these issues become particularly important at grade boundaries where a small change in an examinee s score could lead to the award of a lower or higher grade see cresswell 1986a 1988 if such changes are likely to occur as a result of marker unreliability then we have cause for concern the issue of marker reliability has prompted a good deal of research into the marking of national school examinations e g murphy 1978 1979 1982 murphy 1982 reported inter marker correlations as high as 1 00 for o level mathematics and physics examinations but as low as 80 for o level english literature the median inter marker correlation of the 24 o and a level examinations studied was 93 rather little research has been carried out by psychologists into the reliability of marking on degree schemes two notable exceptions are laming 1990 and newstea dennis 1994 laming estimated the reliability of the assessment of the overall performance of two cohorts of students on a certain university degree from inter marker reliabilities calculated for each of five pairs of markers each pair assessed one of the five sections into which the scheme was divided his analysis used the methods of classical test theory and drew comparisons with the findings of research into the precision of absolute judgments newstead dennis attacked the issue from a different direction rather than studying an actual degree scheme they asked a number of examiners to assess the answers of six students to a single question is there a language module in the mind from the range of the scores awarded to each student s answer they were able to estimate the standard error of measurement for that question and extrapolate that estimate to the overall performance of students on a degree scheme the two studies came to rather different conclusions laming whose data relate more closely to an actual scheme concluded that for one of the two years he considered download here read more read more posted by maz bow at 9 15 am 0 comments thursday january 8 2009 the relationship of dementia prevalence in older it has often been assumed that dementia occurs more commonly in the intellectual disability id population than in the general population torr 2005 although it is now accepted that those with down syndrome ds have a genetic predisposition for dementia related to the app gene on chromosome 21 dementia may also be more common in the id population who do not have ds cooper 1997 furthermore it has been proposed that dementia in the id population should occur at a younger age than is usual tredgold a london physician during the first half of the previous century asserted that as would be expected in most cases of primary amentia the senile form of dementia sets in at an earlier age than the normal it often begins to show itself in the fourth decade and the majority of aments who live much after this usually show definite and progressive mental deterioration tredgold 1952 thompson 1951 believed the earlier age of decline to be related to arrested brain development more recently the cognitive reserve hypothesis has been proposed to explain how adults with similar brain insults may present with differing clinical pictures it proposes that intelligence education and occupational level can influence the occurrence and course of many central nervous system disorders whalley et al 2004 stern 2002 proposed two components to cognitive reserve the first comprises passive components such as brain size and synapse count or hardware of the brain which differs between individuals proxies for it include measurements such as brain volume and pre morbid intelligence staff et al 2004 active components or software of the brain are developed through educational leisure and occupational activities that develop the use of different neuronal pathways stern 2003 the hypothesis assumes that there is a critical threshold of reserve capacity that needs to be breached by pathological processes before clinical or functional symptoms will develop those with more reserve have been found to be less likely to develop dementia or cognitive decline whalley et al 2000 verghese et al 2003 valenzuela sachdev 2006 although these studies are consistent with the theory of cognitive reserve none specifically studied participants in the id mental retardation range of ability download here read more read more posted by maz bow at 7 24 am 1 comments older posts subscribe to posts atom want new update from me enter your email address delivered by feedburner recent post view shoutbox shoutmix chat widget recent visitor blogroll situs belajar psikologi armakol cossindia business blogs go green 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