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description= 3 posts published by Richard Kunert during May 2012;
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nd suddenly everyone speaks about replication ed yong wrote about it in nature the psychologist had a special issue on it some researchers set up a big replication project the blogosphere goes crazy with it some may wonder why replication was singled out as the big issue isn t this about the ruthless immoral energy of fraudsters or about publishers craving for articles that create buzz or about a researcher s taste for scandal perhaps it is indeed about a series of individual problems related to human nature but the solution is still a systemic one replication it is the only way of overcoming the unfortunate fact that science is only done by mere humans this may surprise some people because replication is not done all that much and the way researchers get rewarded for their work totally goes against doing replications the field carries on as if there were procedures techniques and analyses that overcome the need for replication the most common of which is inferential hypothesis testing this way of analysing your data simply asks whether any differences found among the people who were studied would hold up in the population at large if so the difference is said to be a statistically significant difference usually this is boiled down to a p value which reports the likelihood of finding the same statistically significant difference again and again in experiment after experiment if in truth the difference didn t exist at all in the population so imagine that women and men in truth were equally intelligent i have no idea whether they are inferential hypothesis testing predicts that 5 of experiments will report a significant difference between male and female iqs this difference won t be replicated by the other 95 of experiments and this is where replication comes in the p value can be thought of as a prediction of how likely failed replications of an effect will be needless to say that a prediction is a poor substitute for the real thing this was brought home to me by luck in his great book an introduction to the event related potential technique 2005 p 251 he basically says that replication is the only approach in science which is not based on assumptions needed to run the aforementioned statistical analyses replication does not depend on assumptions about normality sphericity or independence replication is not distorted by outliers replication is a cornerstone of science replication is the best statistic in other words it is the only way of overcoming the human factor involved in choosing how to get to a p value you can disagree on many things but not on the implication of a straight replication if the effect is consistently replicated it is real for example simmons and colleagues 2011 report that researchers can tweak their data easily without anyone knowing this is not really fraud but it is not something you want to admit either using four ways of tweaking the statistical analysis towards a significant result which is desirable for publication resulted in a statistically significant difference having a non replication likelihood of 60 now this wouldn t be a problem if anyone actually bothered to do a replication including the exact same tweaks to the data it is very likely that the effect wouldn t hold up many people believe that this is what really happened with bem s pre cognition results they are perhaps not fraudulous but the way they were analysed and reported inflated the chances of finding effects which are not real similarly replication is what did not happen with stapel and other fraudsters my guess is that if anyone had actually bothered to replicate it would have become clear that stapel has a history of unreplicability see my earlier blog post about the stapel affair for clues so if we continue to let humans do research we have to address the weakness inherent in this approach replication is the only solution we know of bem d j feeling the future experimental evidence for anomalous retroactive influences on cognition and affect journal of personality and social psychology 100 407 425 doi 10 1037 a0021524 luck s j 2005 an introduction to the event related potential technique london mit press simmons j p nelson l d simonsohn u 2011 false positive psychology undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant psychological science 22 1359 1366 doi 10 1177 0956797611417632 wagenmakers e j wetzels r borsboom d van der maas h 2011 why psychologists must change the way they analyze their data the case of psi journal of personality and social psychology 100 426 432 doi 10 1037 a0022790 posted in blogosphere richard kunert science and tagged daryl bem ed yong fraud john bargh publication bias replicability reproducibility science scientific practice statistical significance statistics on may 25 2012 by richard kunert 1 comment thought metaphors is crime alive where is musical pitch neither question makes any sense and nonetheless one can answer them crime can be a beast haunting local neighbourhoods and it must be eradicated a description suggesting it is well and alive and musical pitch is high or low of course these are all just metaphors useful for quickly talking about things without having to stop for lengthy definitions however they are not only linguistic short cuts they are also mental short cuts or opportunities for manipulation if you prefer a more racy description last year a bunch of studies showed examples of how far one can go with this a metaphorical breeding program thibodeau and boroditsky 2011 contrasted two common western metaphors related to crime the crime as a beast preying on a town lurking in the neighbourhood and crime as a virus infecting a town plaguing the neighbourhood they activated these metaphors by using these words alongside fictional crime statistics of an unknown town when participants were asked what to do about the town s crime problem those in the beast condition were more likely to suggest law enforcement actions capture enforce punish than those in the virus condition who often opted for reform measures diagnose treat inoculate thus a linguistic short cut affected how people reacted to a realistic real world problem in the realm of social policy and the effects are big as one might expect the same researchers also found political and gender differences us republicans as well as men tend to be more on the enforcement side than us democrats independents and women simply mentioning a metaphor was twice as powerful in shaping opinion than any of these variables a literally high pitch in a different set of studies even something as basic as the height of a tone was shown to be metaphorical dolscheid and colleagues 2011 showed that when a tone is presented with an image of height basically a vertical line crossed by another line at a high or low point this influences westerners pitch repetition as would be expected by the pitch as height metaphor when dutch participants sang a tone paired with a high line they tended to sing higher an image of thickness a thick or thin line was without influence the reverse was the case for farsi speakers even though they lived in the same country in farsi low tones are called thick and high tones are called thin in a second step the research team trained people for only 20 minutes with the thickness metaphor without them knowing afterwards dutch people performed similarly to farsi speakers who had known it all their lives the wider point is one i have made before language is not just for talking it is also a window into the mind however the metaphor research goes further by also showing how easily this window gives access to the mind how easily we can be manipulated something as important as how to address crime can be influenced by a recently encountered metaphor the same applies to something as basic as singing back a tone and don t say they can be spotted easily or did you notice the race metaphor written black on white at the beginning of this post dolscheid s shayan s majid a casasanto d 2011 the thickness of musical pitch psychophysical evidence for the whorfian hypothesis proceedings of the 33 rd annual meeting of the cognitive science society boston ma thibodeau p h boroditsky l 2011 metaphors we think with the role of metaphor in reasoning plos one 6 2 e16782 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0016782 posted in language richard kunert and tagged boroditsky gender differences language cognition interaction linguistic relativity hypothesis metaphor mind netherlands reasoning whorf on may 14 2012 by richard kunert 1 comment why do we like sad music but i m a creep i m a weirdo what the hell am i doing here i don t belong here why would anyone want to listen to this radiohead s song creep is not the exception in being a heartbreaking but nonetheless successful song according to wikipedia of the ten best selling music singles ever several are clearly sad songs elton john s candle in the wind the ink spot s if i didn t care or kenny roger s lady music does influence one s mood for that reason some psychological experiments even use it as a mood induction technique but given that people generally strive for happiness why would anyone willingly opt for sad music this is exactly what van den tol and edwards asked people online article in press at psychology of music the most important function they identified in the responses was re experiencing affect i e listening to sad music in order to induce sadness loss or grief and occasionally other negative feelings such as disappointment and anger p 10 other functions were also mentioned but the take home message is that usually sad music is chosen because it makes people who are often already sad feel sad very puzzling even more puzzling is that these objectively negative feelings were only rarely reported as being experienced in a negative way as if music induced sadness is not quite like real sadness van den tol and edwards interpret their results as sad music being a sort of self regulation tool but how does the tool work no one really knows still there are some ideas out there 1 the safe distance theory thompson 2009 see schubert 1996 claims that musical sadness is unlike real sadness because well it isn t actually real it is without consequence therefore one can explore a feeling without becoming engulfed in it according to this hypothesis one can listen to radiohead s creep and feel like a complete loser without actually having to be one it is difficult to test this because one would have to distinguish between participants safely distant sadness and their real sadness i doubt that any ethical board would allow a researcher to deliberately sadden a participant for real 2 the shared pain theory levitin 2008 claims that musical sadness serves to bring us through stages of feeling understood feeling less alone in the world hopeful that if someone else recovered so will we p 135 like in most of his book levitin sees music as a social tool on this account the difference between musical sadness and real sadness lies in the former one being shared while the latter one is more private elton john s candle in the wind is a good example released following lady diana s death it perhaps helped people worldwide to share an emotion which they otherwise would have had to deal with by themselves 3 the prolactin theory prolactin is a hormone associated with feelings of tranquillity calmness well being or consolation huron 2011 suggests that the body uses it to counteract grief and thus avoid descending into an uncontrollably depressive episode such hormonal counter measures to negative environmental inputs are also found for physical pain physical pain is reduced by endorphins such a bodily mechanism can be exploited as when heroin addicts fool the brain s response to pain huron 2011 proposes that sad music can activate the counter measures to actual sadness i e prolactin production without any real sadness being present one gets the hormone s consoling effect without the sadness and might thus actually enjoy it on should not forget that even though it is intuitive huron s prolactin theory is not supported by a great deal of experimental evidence but at least it is straight forward to test of course all three theories could be true the puzzle of people s tendency to often listen to sad music could have to do with the safe distance between musically induced sadness and one s true emotions this distance may allow prolactin to have an unusually positive effect because it is not balanced by the real sadness it is designed to counteract on top of that a more cognitive appreciation of sharing this experience with other people may aid the process targeted research is needed in order to test these theories so people do indeed strive for happiness and therefore enjoy energetic upbeat music however when times get rough it can seem better to switch gears and deal with the sadness first before moving on it appears like this is where sad music could come in according to the three aforementioned theories gloomy music not so much leads to bad moods it is the other way around bad moods require sad music huron d 2011 why is sad music pleasurable a possible role for prolactin musica scientiae 15 146 158 doi 10 1177 1029864911401171 levitin d j 2008 the world in six songs london aurum press thompson w t 2009 music thought and feeling understanding the psychology of music oxford oxford university press van den tol a j m edwards j in press exploring the rationale for choosing to listen to sad music when feeling sad psychology of music doi 10 1177 0305735611430433 posted in music newly discovered richard kunert and tagged emotion music sadness self regulation on may 1 2012 by richard kunert 13 comments recent posts the end of brain s idea why ear plugs are great for clubbing and concerts the growing divide between higher and low impact scientific journals the slowing down of the biggest scientific journal do twitter or facebook activity influence scientific impact most read the biological basis of orchestra seating whose discovery declining effect sizes vs growing influence twitter tweets by rikunert categories animals anthropology blogosphere brain quirks cognitive science applications genes home replications language music newly discovered richard kunert science scientific author post scientific practice uncategorized archives december 2017 march 2017 february 2017 january 2017 august 2016 july 2016 may 2016 april 2016 march 2016 february 2016 november 2015 september 2015 june 2015 may 2015 december 2014 november 2014 october 2014 september 2014 august 2014 july 2014 december 2013 july 2013 june 2013 may 2013 april 2013 march 2013 january 2013 december 2012 october 2012 september 2012 august 2012 july 2012 june 2012 may 2012 april 2012 march 2012 february 2012 january 2012 follow brain s idea via email email address follow join 1 309 other subscribers site views 139 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