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Text of the page (random words):
s science language search for reference the growing divide between higher and low impact scientific journals ten years ago the public library of science started one big lower impact and a series of smaller higher impact journals over the years these publication outlets diverged the growing divide between standard and top journals might mirror wider trends in scholarly publishing there are roughly two kinds of journals in the public library of science plos low impact if 3 06 and higher impact 3 9 if 13 59 journals there is only one low impact journal plos one which is bigger in terms of output than all the other journals in plos combined its editorial policy is fundamentally different to the higher impact journals in that it does not require novelty or strong results all it requires is methodological soundness comparing plos one to the other plos journals then offers the opportunity to plot the growing divide between high impact and standard research papers i will follow the hypothesis that more and more information is required for a publication vale 2015 more information could be mirrored in three values the number of references authors or pages and indeed the higher impact plos journal articles have longer and longer reference sections a rise of 24 from 46 to 57 over the last ten years pearson r 11 spearman rho 11 see also my previous blog post for a similar pattern in another high impact journal outside of plos the lower impact plos one journal articles on the other hand practically did not change in the same period pearson r 01 spearman rho 00 the diverging pattern between higher and low impact journals can also be observed with the number of authors per article while in 2006 the average article in a higher impact plos journal was authored by 4 7 people the average article in 2016 was written by 7 8 authors a steep rise of 68 pearson r 12 spearman rho 19 and again the low impact plos one articles do not exhibit the same change remaining more or less unchanged pearson r 01 spearman rho 02 finally the number of pages per article tells the same story of runaway information density in higher impact journals and little to no change in plos one limiting myself to articles published until late november 2014 when lay out changes complicate the comparison the average higher impact journal article grew substantially in higher impact journals pearson r 16 spearman rho 13 but not in plos one pearson r 03 spearman rho 02 so overall it is true that more and more information is required for a publication in a high impact journal no similar rise in information density is seen in plos one the publication landscape has changed more effort is now needed for a high impact publication compared to ten years ago wanna explore the data set yourself i made a web app which you can use in rstudio or in your web browser have fun with it and tell me what you find vale r d 2015 accelerating scientific publication in biology proceedings of the national academy of sciences 112 13439 13446 doi 10 1101 022368 posted in richard kunert science and tagged author authorship impact factor plos one publication reference science on march 6 2017 by richard kunert 2 comments the slowing down of the biggest scientific journal plos one started 11 years ago to disruptively change scholarly publishing by now it is the biggest scientific journal out there why has it become so slow many things changed at plos one over the years reflecting general trends in how researchers publish their work for one thing plos one grew enourmously after publishing only 137 articles in its first year the number of articles published per year peaked in 2013 at 31 522 however as shown in the figure above since then they have declined by nearly a third in 2016 only 21 655 articles were published in plos one the decline could be due to a novel open data policy implemented in march 2014 a slight increase in the cost to publish in october 2015 or a generally more crowded market place for open access mega journals like plos one wakeling et al 2016 however it might also be that authors are becoming annoyed with plos one for getting slower in its first year it took 95 days on average to get an article from submission to publication in plos one in 2016 it took a full 172 days this renders plos one no longer the fastest journal published by plos a title it held for nine years the graph below shows the developemtn of plos one in more detail by plotting each article s review and publication speed against its publication date i e each blue dot represents one of the 159 000 plos one articles what can explain the increasingly poor publication speed of plos one most people might think it is the sheer volume of manuscripts the journal has to process processing more articles might simply slow a journal down however this slow down continued until 2015 i e beyond the peak in publication output in 2013 below i show a more thorough analysis which reiterates this point the plot shows each article in plos one in terms of its time from submission to publication and the number of articles published around the same time 30 days before and after there is a link for sure pearson r 13 spearman rho 15 but it is much weaker than i would have thought moreover when controlling for publication date via a partial correlation the pattern above becomes much weaker partial pearson r 05 partial spearman rho 11 this suggests that much of plos one s slow down is simply due to the passage of time perhaps during this time scientific articles changed requiring a longer time to evaluate whether they are suitable for the journal for example it might be that articles these days include more information which takes longer to be assessed by scientific peers more information could be mirrored in three values the number of authors information contributors the reference count information links the page count space for information however the number of authors per article has not changed over the years pearson r 01 spearman rho 02 similarly there is no increase in the length of the reference sections over the years r 01 rho 00 finally while articles have indeed become longer in terms of page count see graph below the change is probably just due to a new lay out in january 2015 perhaps it takes longer to go through peer review at plos one these days because modern articles are increasingly complex and interdisciplinary a very small but reliable correlation between subject categories per article and publication date supports this possibility somewhat see below it is possible that plos one simply finds it increasingly difficult to look for the right experts to assess the scientific validity of an article because articles have become more difficult to pin down in terms of the expertise they require having celebrated its 10 year anniversary plos one can be proud to have revolutionized scholarly publishing however whether plos one itself will survive in the new publishing environment it helped to create remains to be seen the slowing down of its publication process is certainly a sign that plos one needs to up its game in order to remain competitive wanna explore the data set yourself i made a web app which you can use in rstudio or in your web browser have fun with it and tell me what you find wakeling s willett p creaser c fry j pinfield s spezi v 2016 open access mega journals a bibliometric profile plos one 11 11 pmid 27861511 posted in richard kunert science and tagged api business plos one publication r reference science on march 1 2017 by richard kunert leave a comment how to write a nature style review nature reviews neuroscience is one of the foremost journals in neuroscience what do its articles look like how have they developed this blog post provides answers which might guide you in writing your own reviews read more than you used to reviews in nature reviews neuroscience cover more and more ground ten years ago 93 references were the norm now reviews average 150 references this might be an example of scientific reports in general having to contain more and more information so as not to be labelled premature incomplete or insufficient vale 2015 reviews in nrn include more and more references concentrate on the most recent literature nature reviews neuroscience is not the outlet for your history of neuroscience review only 22 of cited articles are more than 10 years old a full 17 of cited articles were published a mere two years prior to the review being published i e something like one year before the first draft of the review reached nature reviews neuroscience assuming a fast review process of 1 year focus on recent findings ignore historical contexts if at all give a historical background early on in your review references are given in order of first presentation in nature reviews neuroscience dividing this order in quarters allows us to reveal the age distribution of references in the quarter of the review where they are first mentioned as can be seen in the figure below the pressure for recency is less severe in the first quarter of your review it increases thereafter so if you want to take a risk and provide a historical context to your review do so early on ignore historical contexts especially later in your review q quarter in which reference first mentioned the change in reference age distributions of the different quarters of reviews is not easily visible therefore i fit a logarithmic model to the distributions notice dotted line in figure above and used its parameter estimates as a representation of how historical references are of course the average reference is not historical hence the negative values but notice how the parameter estimates become more negative in progressive quarters of the reviews history belongs at the beginning of a review ignore historical contexts especially later in your review the modeling outcome now find a topic and write that nature review neuroscience review what are you waiting for vale r 2015 accelerating scientific publication in biology proceedings of the national academy of sciences 112 44 13439 13446 doi 10 1073 pnas 1511912112 all the r code including the r markdown script used to generate this blog post is available at https github com rikunert nrnweb posted in richard kunert science and tagged reference reviews science on january 5 2017 by richard kunert 1 comment how long should a scientific publication be in one word short in two words it depends a neuroscience expert faces the challenge of 100 new neuroscience articles being published on a daily basis s he will never be able to read all that so what can be done to get your own publication known to the community 1 know the reader and his her lack of time science reading has become shorter as more and more articles get read per year but less time is spent per article within the last 30 years the articles read nearly doubled whereas the time spent per article nearly halved renear and colleagues 2009 call this a trend towards literature surfing at the expense of careful reading mind that this change in reading behaviour is not enough to compensate for the increase in scientific output over the same time span while the number of read articles nearly doubled the number of new science publications per year more than doubled in a new and edgy field like neuroscience this trend is even more pronounced here the output nearly quadrupled see my earlier post scientists read more orange in less time blue this is efficient but is it good 2 follow publication trends perhaps as a result of the reduction in time spent reading each article scientific publications have become shorter to give an example below i plot all reviews and review like articles published in a well known neuroscience journal nature reviews neuroscience as of april 2012 as can be seen easily there is a significant trend to keep the reference sections shorter and shorter references in nature reviews neuroscience less and less and less update 23 12 2016 this figure has the chronological order of reviews backwards reviews in nrn are actually getting longer and longer 3 decide between efficiency and effectiveness efficiency how much more do i get out of a long cumbersome article compared to a short one in terms of citations per page the answer is nothing stanek posted a semi humorous paper on arxiv reporting citations per publication page in the field of astronomy between six and 50 pages there is not much influence of page count one may call these papers normal articles however anything longer will reduce the citations added with each additional page curiously anything shorter will actually increase it the most efficient paper is 4 pages long and gathers around 16 citations i e 4 citations per page haslam 2010 did a similar analysis in psychology he compared short report formats with longer article formats and found reports to usually have a higher per page citation count than their longer cousins effectiveness how do i maximize the citations my publication can get go for long articles stanek found articles around 50 pages long to receive the most citations haslam found longer article formats to have significantly higher mean citation counts if you strive for efficiency go for a short report they receive more impact per page if you strive for effect go for a long article they receive more impact per publication 4 a cautionary note consider scientific progress while shorter articles do allow for the faster dissemination of interesting findings they offer less space to include replications of experimental effects and this can lead to more false positives making it into the field furthermore the field as such i e some sort of accumulated understanding of what is known in different areas can disintegrate if articles are not cross linked through references ledgerwood sherman 2012 warn of an increased risk to rediscover what we already know because of a trend towards bite size publications science as a repetitive rather than cumulative process in a career sense the most worthwhile publications are the short ones at least they will get read and cited efficiently however later in your career if you haven t succumbed to cynicism you may actually care about science or be hopeful to make it in an academic career requiring a few highly cited articles in this phase longer more integrative articles are probably worth it like with so many other phenomena fast career minded science is not necessarily good science haslam n 2010 bite size science relative impact of short article formats perspectives on psychological science 5 3 263 264 doi 10 1177 1745691610369466 ledgerwood a sherman j 2012 short sweet and problematic the rise of the short report in psychological science perspectives on psychological science 7 1 60 66 doi 10 1177 1745691611427304 renear ah palmer cl 2009 strategic reading ontologies and the future of scientific publishing science new york n y 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