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uldn t grow up into cloud condensation nuclei here s a figure from the paper molecular clusters grow over time in the sky2 experiment in copenhagen the horizontal axis is scaled in nanometres millionths of a millimetre and each blue point shows the relative number of clusters of that size before and after the experimental runs anything over 1 0 means that growth has continued in contrast the red points illustrate a pessimistic prediction of previous theories that growth should cease when the size passes 50 nanometres on the other hand the black curve running through the blue points shows what is to be expected if there is a continual supply of sulphuric acid the persistent growth of clusters occurs only in the presence of gamma rays that simulate cosmic rays and set electrons free to influence the chemistry so what s the explanation what new pathway supplies the sulphuric acid needed to keep the growth going the danes recall a suggestion in their 2006 sky report that electrons can act like catalysts being used over and over again to promote chemical action in the new paper they say a possible explanation could be that the charged clusters are producing additional sulphuric acid molecules from reactions involving negative ion chemistry of ozone sulphur dioxide and water where a negative ion can be reused in a catalytic production of several sulphuric acid molecules depending on the concentrations of trace gases several may mean dozens and where do the electrons come from they are liberated by cosmic rays raining down by night as well as by day if the results of the experiment and these ideas are confirmed there s an amazing pay off the cosmic rays help to make the extra sulphuric acid that allows 1 a number of additional aerosols to form and 2 a larger number of aerosols to grow into cloud condensation nuclei without this second effect the aerosols would grow slowly and most of the extra aerosols would be lost before becoming large enough to seed clouds that ions liberated by cosmic rays promote a second pathway for forming sulphuric acid was already known from an experiment performed in copenhagen in a collaboration with the university of copenhagen and the technical university of tokyo see the enghoff et al reference below depending on whether the sulphuric acid comes from ultraviolet action or is ion induced it has different signatures in the relative abundances of isotopes of sulphur what s more the number of molecules made by the ion route greatly surpassed the number of ions available again implying reuse of the electrons in a catalytic fashion to summarize the latest paper the svensmark enghoff and pepke pedersen abstract reads in experiments where ultraviolet light produces aerosols from trace amounts of ozone sulphur dioxide and water vapour the number of additional small particles produced by ionization by gamma sources all grow up to diameters larger than 50 nm appropriate for cloud condensation nuclei this result contradicts both ion free control experiments and also theoretical models that predict a decline in the response of larger particles due to an insufficiency of condensable gases which leads to slower growth and to larger losses by coagulation between the particles this unpredicted experimental finding points to a process not included in current theoretical models possibly an ion induced formation of sulphuric acid in small clusters scandals of a political character engulf climate physics these days but future historians may shake their heads more sadly over scientific negligence isn t it amazing that such a fundamental activity of sulphuric acid going on over your head right now has passed unnoticed since 1875 when cloud seeding was discovered since 1996 when svensmark found the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover and since 2006 when the danes suggested the catalytic role of electrons perhaps the experts were confused by the ever present dislike of the role of the sun in climate change so svensmark and the small team in copenhagen have had nearly all of the breakthroughs to themselves and the chain of experimental and observational evidence is now much more secure supernova remnants cosmic rays solar modulation of cosmic rays variations in cluster and sulphuric acid production variation in cloud condensation nuclei variation in low cloud formation variation in climate svensmark won t comment publicly on the new paper until it s accepted for publication but i can report that in conversation he sounds like a man who has reached the end of a very long trek in defiance of continual opposition and mockery references henrik svensmark martin b enghoff and jens olaf pepke pedersen response of cloud condensation nuclei 50 nm to changes in ion nucleation submitted for publication 2012 preprint available at http arxiv org abs 1202 5156v1 h svensmark t bondo and j svensmark cosmic ray decreases affect atmospheric aerosols and clouds geophysical research letters 36 l15101 2009 henrik svensmark jens olaf pepke pedersen nigel marsh martin enghoff and ulrik uggerhøj experimental evidence for the role of ions in particle nucleation under atmospheric conditions proceedings of the royal society a vol 463 pp 385 96 2007 online release 2006 this was the original sky experiment in a basement in copenhagen m b enghoff n bork s hattori c meusinger m nakagawa j o p pedersen s danielache y ueno m s johnson n yoshida and h svensmark an isotope view on ionising radiation as a source of sulphuric acid atmos chem phys discuss 12 5039 5064 2012 see http www atmos chem phys discuss net 12 5039 2012 acpd 12 5039 2012 html some relevant items on this blog aarhus experiment https calderup wordpress com 2011 05 17 accelerator results on cloud nucleation 2 cern cloud experiment https calderup wordpress com 2011 08 24 cern experiment confirms cosmic ray action observational evidence of aerosol growth https calderup wordpress com 2010 05 03 do clouds disappear summary of svensmark s theory https calderup wordpress com 2010 05 01 nutshell 27 comments 3a news and comments tagged aarhus university aerosol physics aerosols catalysis cern chemical clusters climate change cloud cloud condensation nuclei cloud physics cloud seeding cloud making danish national space institute dtu henrik svensmark jens olaf pepke pedersen physical review letters martin enghoff sky experiment sky2 experiment skyii experiment sulphur isotopes sulphuric acid technical university of denmark technical university of tokyo university of copenhagen permalink posted by calderup accelerator results on cloud nucleation 2 17 05 2011 climate change news and comments did you get the message i m not sure that the significance of my 15 may post about the accelerator experiment in aarhus has been fully grasped following my 13 may post the blogosphere seems to be still in a waiting for cloud mode yes it will indeed be fascinating to see the first results from cern s cloud experiment in two or three months time but meanwhile we have the results from denmark perhaps i was negligent in not giving a little history the first laboratory test of the svensmark hypothesis was the sky experiment in copenhagen the outcome of which was published by the royal society of london in 2007 the positive results were of course politically incorrect because henrik svensmark s discovery of the effect of cosmic rays on clouds gave the sun a much larger role in climate change than supporters of the man made global warming hypothesis would like to admit the warmists were offered a delaying tactic by physicists who said ah but the sky people used only natural cosmic rays and radioactive sources don t believe them unless the cloud experiment in geneva simulating the cosmic rays with a fully controllable beam of accelerated particles gets similar results conveniently for the warmists cloud was very slow to get going meanwhile the danes continued with their own experiments including the one using an accelerator at aarhus as reported in geophysical research letters a few days ago the most important points are the effect of cosmic rays in helping to seed cloud formation is verified with a particle accelerator just as critics of sky were demanding four years ago a simple radioactive gamma ray source gave just the same results in the aarhus set up so the earlier insistence that only an accelerator experiment would do was unwarranted nevertheless let s say good luck to the cloud team their big chamber should be able to trace the growth of aerosol seeds much farther than in the small chamber used at aarhus and they have a large programme of future work simulating atmospheric conditions at different altitudes see the aarhus university press release that came out yesterday evening http science au dk en news and events news article artikel forskere fra au og dtu viser at partikler fra rummet skaber skydaekke for references and other links see my previous post https calderup wordpress com 2011 05 15 accelerator results on cloud nucleation for a video interview with jasper kirkby of cloud see http physicsworld com cws article multimedia 45950 added 18 may ah now the word is spreading see anthony watts http wattsupwiththat com 2011 05 17 new study links cosmic rays to aerosolscloud formation via solar magnetic activity modulation david whitehouse http thegwpf org the observatory 3016 new evidence that cosmic rays seed clouds html the second item quotes me directly and at the end of the second paragraph i should really have said ionizing gamma rays instead of particles i amended it on this blog a few hours after posting it added 20 may friendly words from the scientific alliance http us2 campaign archive1 com u f1e3eeb023e7d88eff0dda8a2 id ed0b77bcc3 e ac788faa66 28 comments 3a news and comments 3b the svensmark hypothesis tagged aarhus university cern climate change cloud experiment cloud seeding clouds dtu space henrik svensmark jens olaf pepke pedersen martin enghoff particle accelerators particle beam sean paling sheffield university svensmark hypothesis technical university of denmark ulrik uggerhøj permalink posted by calderup guided hurricanes 17 08 2010 predictions revisited and climate change news and comments guided hurricanes when speculating four decades ago about the military uses of geophysics gordon j f macdonald of ucla contemplated the triggering of earthquakes or tsunamis or melting polar ice with nuclear weapons and he didn t overlook the idea of steering hurricanes to ravage the enemy s coasts reminding me of that prediction is a report now in press in geophysical research letters about how natural variations in the colour of the sea help to guide cyclones in the pacific a cyclone remember is a loosely used generic term that includes the major storms called hurricanes atlantic typhoons pacific or tropical cyclones indian ocean and australia contributing to unless peace comes 1968 in a chapter entitled how to wreck the environment macdonald wrote preliminary experiments have been carried out on the seeding of hurricanes the dynamics of hurricanes and the mechanism by which energy is transferred from the ocean into the atmosphere supporting the hurricane are poorly understood yet various schemes for both dissipation and steering can be imagined although hurricanes originate in tropical regions they can travel into temperate latitudes as the residents of new england know only too well a controlled hurricane could be used as a weapon to terrorize opponents over substantial parts of the populated world read the rest of this entry 2 comments 2 predictions revisited 3a news and comments uncategorized tagged agu alec nisbett anand gnanadesikan atmospheric circulation the weather machine biogeochemical cycling bioproductivity carbon dioxide chlorophyll cloud seeding cyclones el niño geophysical research letters gordon j f macdonald guided hurricanes hurricanes la niña michael berhrenfeld micro algae military geophysics mit monomolecular films nature magazine new scientist nigel calder noaa geophysical fluid dynamics laboratory npp ocean colour ocean nutrients oregon state university permanently stratified oceans project stormfury rainfall roger revelle scripps institution of oceanography sea surface temperature seeding of hurricanes solar energy sst steering hurricanes suppressing hurricanes teleconnections the world in 1984 tropical cyclones typhoons ucla unless peace comes permalink posted by calderup aircraft seed clouds 14 06 2010 pick of the pics aircraft can seed precipitation from clouds a hole left in a cloud layer after an aircraft has passed through provoking snowfall or rainfall if the ice crystals melt on the way down to the ground photo hole in altocumulus clouds over mobile alabama from 35 mm negative film by alan sealls chief meteorologist wkrg tv pensacola florida in 2007 meteorologists noticed a connection between snowfall near denver colorado and a turboprop aircraft descending through a cloud layer the snowfall in a band about 20 miles long and 2 5 miles wide continued for about 45 minutes resulting in about two inches of snow on the ground they eventually figured out that when a turboprop plane flies through such a cloud layer with supercooled water droplets at about 15 degrees c the tips of its propellers cause the air to expand cool and freeze the droplets since then they have concluded that the expansion of air over a jet aircraft s wings can have the same effect in colder conditions 20 to 25c aircraft seeding may be particularly common in the northwestern usa and western europe andrew heymsfield lead author of the report is from national center for atmospheric research ncar in boulder colorado references andrew heymsfield et al aircraft induced hole punch and canal clouds inadvertent cloud seeding bulletin of the american meteorological society june 2010 more info and a video here http www2 ucar edu news mysterious clouds produced when aircraft inadvertently cause rain or snow leave a comment 5 pick of the pics tagged alan sealls andrew heymsfield cloud seeding clouds ncar weather effects of aircraft permalink posted by calderup categories 1 mother nature 1a magic universe 1b einstein s universe 1c comets 2 predictions revisited 3 climate change 3e the cloud mystery 3a news and comments 3b the svensmark hypothesis 3c falsification tests 3d updating the chilling stars 4 buy the chilling stars 5 pick of the pics uncategorized search the blog search recent posts i ve sung this song but i ll sing it again memorial meeting further details memorial meeting advance notice obituaries and other notices newspaper announcements nigel calder 1931 2014 i ve gotta be driftin along a stellar revision of the story of life quantum computing forges ahead climate physics 101 yet another trick of cosmic rays cosmic rays sank the titanic what language on mars 2 dying comets probe the sun the sun and auroras for beginners utopia beats dystopia royal society winton book prize sausages without the...