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Text of the page (random words):
ause utterances can occur in the immediate present general present near future distant past etc with the differences in these subcategories within a range of tenses being the relative distance along the timeline between the two temporal references the greater the distance between t utt and t ast t com or t evl the farther in the past or future the tense tense does not equal time the word tense is often mistakenly used to refer to time in general or for anything related to time within language tense is not time it is merely a contrast between temporal references as explained above a verb cannot have tense verbs alone are just words tense is an attribute of an utterance and a verb outside of an utterance cannot express tense because there is nothing to compare it to this is not to say that verbs don t have temporal qualities they certainly do in fact all verbs have a temporal nature this temporal nature of verbs is called aktionsart aktionsart in some verbs are very strong so that they generally occur in one aspect more than another such as statives or actions utterances also have a temporal nature and like aktionsart does for the verb itself aspect determines the temporal nature of the utterance itself in english aspect determines whether the utterance expressed duration through its structure or not verbs can also be completed this is called perfecting verbs can be naturally perfected via their aktionsart such as verbs that naturally occur in an instance such as die or sneeze utterances can also be completed through perfecting their aspects have eaten have been eating with all this talk of aspects and aktionsarten the plural of aktionsart it s german and perfecting it is important to remember that while these all deal with time they are not tenses so there is no such thing as the present perfect tense or present progressive tense or the past continuous tense or the subjunctive tense or the perfect an utterance can occur in the perfected durational aspect in the past i had been eating but in the past is the only part of that description that deals with tense continue reading tense part ii present february 3 2010 posted by drew ward english linguistics aktionsart aspect calle drew ward english english grammar english linguistics esl linguistics syntax tampa tefl tense tense vs aspect tesol time and language 27 comments tense part ii present examples this post follows the initial article on tense here the following are examples of varying combinations of tense in different statements remember that tense is nothing more than a contrast between the time of utterance t utt and either the time of assertion t ast time of completion t com or time of evaluation t evl present tenses the present tenses are those in which the two contrasting time references occur at the same time technically there can only be one present tense in the strictest interpretation of the word that is a situation in which t utt occurs at exactly the same time as t ast t com t evl most languages though tend to group situations in which the secondary time reference occurs very near the primary t utt as present this allows for tenses such as the general present immediate present recent present and such to be expressed in actuality these tenses are actually in the future or past happening before past or after future the t utt and occurring to the left past and right future of t utt but the temporal distance of the secondary reference from the primary is negligible so they are generally considered present tenses outlined below are diagrams showing the five possible references in which present tenses occur all diagrams represent true present tense rather than near present tenses discussed above t utt coincides with t ast the temporal relationship of verbs used in utterances occurring in non durational aspects in which the verb used does not have a durational aktionsart john paints a picture are represented in this diagram generalizations and habitual truths are not included in this group see t utt t evl below although common in many languages this form is quite rare in english as most verbs either have a durational aktionsart or are used in the durational aspect english has only one durational aspect usually called the progressive in utterances of this type the time of utterance coincides with the time of assertion thus both primary and secondary reference occurs at the same time in the diagram at left time of utterance is given as present but could also be in the future or the past the utterance remains present tense however so long as t ast coincides with t utt on the timeline of that utterance for example if t utt were in the past so long as t ast also occurs at the same time in the past as t utt visually at the same spot on the timeline as t utt the utterance is still present tense likewise if t utt is in the future t ast may also be in the future so long as it occurs at the same time as that future t utt again visually at the same spot on the timeline of the utterance because verbs in these forms have no measureable duration the t ast is punctular it s a single point along the timeline rather than a range t utt coincides with t evl as with t utt t ast described above a common present tense usage occurs with generalizations and habitual truths these types of utterances always occur in utterances occurring in non durational aspects in these types of utterances there is no specific verb occurrence to observe and thus no assertion instead the purpose of such utterances is to merely inform in these utterances a generalization or an habitual truth is attested as true or questioned for trueness in interrogative forms the earliest point at which these attestations can be evaluated as true or not serves as the secondary temporal reference for such constructions the diagram shows this temporal relationship in the present tense with the t utt coinciding with the t evl in other words for generalizations and habituals if the attestation may be evaluated as true immediately at the time of utterace or to put it simply if the the attestation being evaluated is known to be valid when the utterance is made then the tense of the utterance is present examples of this in english include such statements as john drinks coffee generalization and john goes to school everyday habitual t utt during t ast this diagram reflects the temporal relationship within utterances used in non durational aspects involving activities john paints a picture or other types of utterance in which the verb employed has a naturally durational aktionsart john works for ibm and any durational aspect aspect utterance regardless of whether the aktionsart of the inclusive verb s is durational or not john is eating pizza the diagram shows that for these constructions in the present tenses the time of utterance occurs during the time of assertion the duration in which the verb occurs the smaller arrows in the diagram show that while the action may begin and end before or after the time of utterance that t utt falls at some point within the range of the verb s duration t com coincides with t utt it should be noted in this diagram and the following that the secondary temporal reference t com is listed prior to the primary t utt in its description this is because t com the time of completion represents the termination of the verb an end point this is the diagram for perfected non durational forms t utt t ast and t utt t evl in the present tenses often referred to as the present perfect or present perfect simple these types of utterances do not provide information regarding the duration of the verb but merely establish that the assertion or attestation of the utterance is completed as of the time of utterance in other words the verb is finished as of now because t com always coincides with t utt the time of completion is always read as of now for this reason specific time phrases may not be used with perfected forms in the present tenses examples include john has eaten dinner and they have just arrived both perfected t utt t ast and john has eaten dinner at that café everyday perfected t utt t evl t com coincides with t utt during t ast as with the above diagram note that the secondary temporal reference t com for this type of utterance is listed prior to the primary t utt in its description this is because t com the time of completion represents the termination of the verb an end point this is the diagram for perfected durational forms t utt during t ast in the present tenses often referred to as present perfect progressive or present perfect continuous whereas in the perfected non durational forms above t com represents an absolute terminal point of the verb in perfected durational forms t com may represent either the terminal point of the verb that time at which it is completed or finished and beyond which it does not continue or t com may represent any point within the duration of the verb up to which that completed duration can be measured it is possible that the t ast of the verb could continue beyond the t com but this is irrelevant as the focus of such utterances is not the t ast but the t com and its temporal relationship with t utt these types of utterances are normally used to provide information regarding the duration of the verb up to a given point be that point the terminus of that verb s duration or a point within the duration in the pressent tenses the duration of the verb may be measured up to the time of utterance which is always now because t com always coincides with t utt the time of completion is always read as of now in other words these constructions read as the verb has a given duration up to now thus specific time phrases regarding the time of completion may not be used with perfected forms in the present tenses while a specific measure of duration may be used with such utterances explicit duration it is not required as some verbs which have a durational aktionsart may also be conveyed as having completed duration simply by their nature implicit duration examples include john has been eating dinner perfected t utt t ast with implicit duration and it has been raining for three days perfected t utt t ast with explicit duration continue reading tense part iii past february 3 2010 posted by drew ward english linguistics calle drew ward english english grammar english linguistics esl esol grammar linguistics present continuous present perfect present progressive present simple present tense syntax tampa tast tcom tefl tense tense in english tesol tevl tutt 9 comments tense part iii past examples this post follows the initial article on tense here and a discussion of present tense forms here the following are examples of varying expressions of tense in different statements remember that tense is nothing more than a contrast between the time of utterance t utt and either the time of assertion t ast time of completion t com or time of evaluation t evl all of the examples that follow are past tense regardless of the nature or aspect of the utterances past tenses the past tenses are those in which the secondary temporal reference t ast t com or t evl occurs before the primary reference t utt or visually with t ast t com or t evl occurring to the left of t utt on the timeline of an utterance technically there is no such thing as the past tense there are in fact innumerable past tenses with varying degrees of temporal distance between reference points the greater the temporal distance between the primary and secondary references the farther in the past the tense is common classifications of past tenses include the general past that which occurs before the present with no defined time and a variety of past tenses with defined times such as these listed in increasing temporal distance from t utt immediate past recent present distant past and far distant past t ast precedes t utt the temporal relationship of verbs used in utterances occurring in non durational aspects in which the verb used does not have a durational aktionsart john sneezed are represented in this diagram generalizations and habitual truths are not included in this group see t evl t utt below although common in many languages this form is quite rare in english as most verbs either have a durational aktionsart or are used in the durational aspect english has only one durational aspect usually called the progressive in utterances of this type the time of assertion precedes the time of utterance in the diagram at left time of utterance is given as present but could be in the future or the past the utterance remains past tense however so long as t ast occurs to the left of t utt on the timeline of that utterance for example if t utt were in the past so long as t ast is further in the past than t utt to the left of t utt the utterance is still past tense likewise if t utt is in the future t ast may also be in the future so long as it occurs at a time before that future t utt again visually to the left of it on the timeline of the utterance because verbs in these types of utterance have no measurable duration the t ast is punctular it s a single point along the timeline rather than a range t evl precedes t utt as with t ast t utt described above a common past tense usage occurs with generalizations and habitual truths these types of utterances always occur in non durational aspects in these types of utterances there is no specific verb occurance to observe and thus no assertion instead the purpose of such utterances is to merely inform in these utterances a generalization or an habitual truth about the past is attested as true or questioned for trueness in interrogative forms the earliest point at which these attestations can be evaluated as true or not serves as the secondary temporal reference for such constructions this diagram shows this temporal relationship in the past tenses with t evl preceding t utt in other words for generalizations and habituals the attestation may be evaluated as having been true at a time prior to the time of utterance examples of this in english include such statements as john used to drink coffee generalization and john went to school everyday habitual t ast occurs during a range of time beginning before t utt this diagram reflects the temporal relationship within utterances used in non durational aspects involving activities john painted a picture or other types of utterance in which the verb employed has a naturally durational aktionsart john worked for ibm and any durational aspect aspect utterance regardless of whether the aktionsart of the inclusive verb s is durational or not john was eating pizza in the past it shows that in the past tenses the time of utterance occurs after the time of assertion which for this type of utterance is not a point but rather a span of time the duration in which the verb occurs the smaller arrows in the diagram show that the action begins at a time prior to the time of...