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glossary carto spatial analysis in 2025 key trends report download now platform overview visualization analytics app development data enrichment ai agents enterprise security pricing carto for google cloud aws azure snowflake databricks oracle solutions by industry by use case by role cities government financial services icon indus insurance menu icon indus insurance menu mobile insurance telecoms retail marketing advertising real estate logistics all industries network deployment catastrophe modeling fraud detection market analysis environmental management site selection geomarketing data monetization iot analytics supply chain optimization healthcare analytics territory planning all use cases data analyst data scientist gis professional developer customers resources learn documentation carto academy blog reports glossary connect events partners webinars log in request a demo try for free 2050 01 01 1990 01 01 es gb spatial data science glossary here we have collected all the key terms you need to deepen your understanding of spatial data science and location intelligence a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z a agglomerative clustering agglomerative clustering is a type of hierarchical clustering where clusters are built from the bottom up learn more ai agent an ai agent is an intelligent system typically powered by a large language model llm that can autonomously perform tasks make decisions and interact with users learn more alteryx alteryx provides a user friendly interface to perform tasks such as data cleansing transformation and predictive analytics learn more analytics toolbox carto s analytics toolbox is a set of user defined functions and stored procedures to unlock spatial analytics on top of your cloud data warehouse platform learn more apache iceberg apache iceberg is an open source table format that brings the reliability and scalability of data warehouses to data lakes it s a key standard for a lakehouse architecture learn more artificial intelligence ai in spatial analytics ai can be used to uncover trends in location data automate decision making and optimize everything from delivery routes to urban planning learn more b bayes theorem bayes theorem is a mathematical formula used to determine the conditional probability of events a theorem developed by english mathematician thomas bayes learn more bring your own llm byollm bring your own llm byollm allows organizations to connect and use their own large language model llm instead of being limited to default or proprietary models learn more c cloud data warehouse a cloud data warehouse is a specialized database system hosted and managed as a service in a cloud computing environment learn more cloud native cloud native is a modern approach to building and deploying applications that fully leverage cloud computing capabilities for scalability resilience and agility learn more cross validation cross validation is a model validation technique for assessing how the results of a statistical model will generalize to new data learn more d data lake a data lake is a collection of data or files generally stored in a cloud file storage or blob infrastructure this data may or may not be unprocessed or clean learn more data warehouse a data warehouse is an olap that can distribute query workloads across compute infrastructure and where data is organized in a structured manner learn more databricks databricks data intelligence platform simplifies the process of building and deploying big data applications learn more dbscan dbscan is a clustering method that groups data that are close to each other based on a distance metric and a minimum number of data points learn more deck gl deck gl is a popular frontend visualization library originally developed as a project within uber it has been open sourced and maintained by a large community learn more e esri esri develops gis software provides geospatial solutions and offers consulting services for various industries such as government utilities and others learn more eu ai act the eu ai act classifies ai systems based on their risk level for example high risk systems require data governance transparency and auditability learn more g generative ai generative ai uses deep learning models to create new content text images code and data by learning patterns from training data in spatial analytics it enables synthetic data generation scenario simulation and natural language interfaces learn more geoai geoai applies artificial intelligence and machine learning to geospatial data and problems including spatial prediction foundation models and embeddings learn more geocoding geocoding is the process of converting addresses or place names into geographic coordinates latitude and longitude for use in mapping and spatial analysis learn more geographic coordinates geographic coordinates use latitude and longitude to specify a location on the earth s curved surface geographic coordinates provide a global reference system learn more geographically weighted regression gwr geographically weighted regression gwr quantifies the strength of relationships across space between a target and correlation variables learn more geojson geojson is a type of json format designed for encoding geographic data structures it supports various geometry types such as points lines and polygons learn more geoparquet geoparquet is a project aimed at extending the parquet file format to directly support geometry data a benefit of geoparquet is its cloud data interoperability learn more geospatial analytics geospatial analytics is the analysis of data with a geographic dimension to uncover patterns trends and relationships invisible in non spatial analysis learn more geospatial foundation models geospatial foundation models are ai models trained on vast datasets like satellite imagery to understand the physical and human world adapting to diverse tasks learn more geospatial reasoning geospatial reasoning is the ability of an ai system to understand a complex spatial problem independently devise a multi step analytical plan execute it and interpret the results to provide an actionable solution learn more gis software gis software is technology for creating managing analyzing and visualizing location data cloud native gis software runs spatial analysis in the data warehouse learn more google cloud s bigquery google cloud s bigquery is the serverless cost effective and multi cloud data warehouse offered by google cloud platform gcp learn more gpkg geopackage gpkg is an open standard vector file format developed by the open geospatial consortium designed to be platform independent and self contained learn more h h3 spatial index h3 is an open source hexagonal grid system developed by uber that divides the earth into uniformly shaped cells for fast spatial joins and aggregation at scale learn more heavy ai heavy ai is a san francisco based company that specializes in providing advanced analytics solutions for businesses and government organizations learn more hotspot analysis hotspot analysis is a spatial analysis technique used to identify and evaluate statistically significant spatial clusters of high or low values in a dataset learn more html html plays a crucial role in being used to embed interactive maps geospatial visualizations and geospatial data in web applications learn more i isoline map an isoline map is a way of presenting numerical data cartographically helping recognize geographical patterns such as travel time catchments learn more j javascript javascript is often employed for creating interactive and visually appealing web maps it allows developers to use libraries such as react and deck gl learn more k kinetica kinetica is a real time gpu accelerated analytic database for big data kinetica leverages gpus and modern many core cpus to improve performance learn more kml kml stands for keyhole markup language and it is an xml based file format used to display geographic data originally developed for google earth learn more kriging kriging is a spatial interpolation method for predicting missing values taking into account the distance and spatial correlation of known data points learn more l lakehouse a lakehouse is a modern data architecture that combines the flexibility and low cost storage of a data lake with the transactional capabilities and performance of a data warehouse learn more large language model llm large language model llm is a type of generative ai trained on massive datasets to understand and produce human like language learn more location intelligence location intelligence is the practice of deriving actionable business insights from spatial data to answer questions about where why and what happens at specific places learn more m machine learning ml machine learning ml is a subset of ai where algorithms learn from data to make predictions or decisions improving over time without being explicitly programmed learn more map software map software refers to computer programs or applications designed to create display and manipulate spatial information in the form of maps learn more mapbox mapbox enables users to create and integrate custom maps into their applications and websites it provides a range of tools and apis for map design and geocoding learn more markov chain monte carlo mcmc markov chain monte carlo mcmc is a class of simulation methods used to approximate the posterior distribution by randomly sampling in a probabilistic space learn more model context protocol mcp model context protocol mcp is an open standard that lets ai applications connect securely to external tools data and systems through a unified interface learn more model agnostic model agnostic refers to carto s philosophy of not depending on a single ai provider it gives the user the freedom to choose the one that best fits their needs and adheres to their governance requirements learn more n natural language processing nlp natural language processing nlp is a branch of ai that enables computers to understand interpret and generate human language learn more o orchestration orchestration in the context of ai is the process of centrally coordinating and managing all system components the llm tools data and user interface to consistently execute user requested tasks learn more p projected coordinates projected coordinates use a two dimensional cartesian coordinate system to represent locations on a flat surface such as a map or a plane learn more python manipulate visualize and analyze spatial data with python a programming language for spatial analysis relevant for geopandas shapely and pysal libraries learn more r r programming language r is a programming language specifically designed for statistical computing and data analysis r offers spatially focused packages like sf sp and raster learn more raster data raster data is represented as a grid of cells or pixels with each cell containing a value it represents elevation temperature satellite imagery and more learn more retrieval augmented generation rag retrieval augmented generation rag is a technique that enhances llm responses this allows responses to be more accurate reliable and based on real time data learn more s site suitability analysis site suitability analysis ranks candidate locations against multiple weighted spatial criteria to identify the best places for a new store facility or asset learn more snowflake snowflake is a single global platform that powers the data cloud its architecture separates computing and storage allowing independent cost optimization learn more spatial ai spatial ai is the industry facing umbrella term for applying artificial intelligence to geographic data often used interchangeably with geoai learn more spatial data spatial data is any data with a geographic component that connects information to a specific location on earth such as coordinates addresses or boundaries learn more spatial data catalog the spatial data catalog is a great resource for data scientists analysts and developers who want to enrich their internal data and enhance spatial analysis learn more spatial data governance spatial data governance is a framework that provides a clear structured approach to managing your spatial data making it trustworthy secure and compliant learn more spatial data science spatial data science is a subset of data science that applies statistical and machine learning methods to geographic data to understand why things happen where they do learn more spatial indexes spatial indexes are hierarchical grid systems that divide the earth s surface into discrete cells for fast spatial queries and geospatial analysis at scale learn more spatial join a spatial join combines records from two datasets based on the geographic relationship between their locations such as containment intersection or proximity learn more spatial sql spatial sql extends standard sql with functions for querying and analyzing geographic data types like geometries and geographies in databases and data warehouses learn more sql structured query language sql is used for managing and querying relational database management systems rdbms as well as running analysis learn more t tileset a tileset optimizes spatial data for responsive map views rendering only necessary tiles for immersive exploration learn more trade area analysis trade area analysis defines the zone from which a business draws most of its customers used to plan stores target marketing and forecast sales learn more v vector data vector data represents geographic features as discrete points lines and polygons it is scalable without loss of quality and can be easily modified learn more no results found platform overview visualization analytics app development data enrichment gen ai pricing solutions data analyst developer data scientist gis professional by industry by use case resources customer stories blog glossary documentation academy reports events webinars partners company about us newsroom careers brand grants unlock the power of spatial analysis carto 2024 terms privacy notice whistleblower form