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ned computation theory logic and reichenbach s central idea about inductive inference to create the subject of computational learning theory reichenbach s elements of symbolic logic was the most serious attempt to formalize substantial parts of ordinary language and for some while it had an influence in linguistics there is a larger reason i do not find the positivists embarrassing the contrast case on the continent the positivists not just those two i have emphasized wrote with scientific and liberal ambitions and at least with a passing connection with mathematics and science in a time in which philosophy on the continent was embracing obscurantism and vicious totalitarian politics they stood for liberal politics when national socialism came they left home and country but not in some cases as with hempel before helping to ferry jews out of germany compare heidegger whose defenses of national socialism echo some of his philosophical views the german language is next to greek closest to being or merleau ponty stalin s mass murders were regrettable but necessary to the advance of socialism sartre sat out much of world war ii as a vichy professor replacing a jew who had been dismissed there is no thinking in these people worthy of the title sartre s work varies from sophomoric les mouches to a series of puns passing as profound l etre et le ne ant the heirs of their remoteness from analytic thought were lecans and derrida and pol pot their political heirs are english professors who remonstrate about sexual oppression but have never guided a frightened woman through a mindless aggressive crowd to a clinic that s embarrassing contemporary formal philosophers have two ancestors carnap who promoted the linguistic mode they practice logify everything and the english mathematical philosophers russell and ramsey probabilify everything much as i approve of ramsey and russell i do not wholly approve of either legacy much of the work in formal philosophy is ill motivated technicalia much of it is ritualized yet another soundness and completeness theorem for yet another system of modal logic etc much of it for example the ever growing work on singular causation is in carnap s faulty spirit definitions without proofs or algorithms and neglect of the relevant work in computer science contemporary philosophy of science has another ancestor thomas kuhn he is the unwitting grandfather of the incessant summaries of scientific work supplemented with comments vague or vapid now passing as philosophy in many departments such work is more often welcome there than is formal philosophy perhaps because it takes less effort to understand or perhaps not not much is illuminated when some simple principle about explanation is illustrated by a recapitualation of string theory i advocate material philosophy and i will try to explain what i mean which is actually rather broad and of course rather vague in the dynamics of reason michael friedman wrote that the service of philosophy is to provide new frameworks new possibilities for science that are in some sense outside of science i paraphrase and i agree friedman gives no examples from 20th century philosophy but there are many i have already mentioned two carnap s aufbau and putnam s creation of computational learning theory which had anticipations in other philosophical work for example john kemeny s ramsey s work in mathematics and in the foundations of subjective probability is another case each of these efforts had enormous ramifications but i do not expect or demand that all of the work in the spirit of friedman s vision be so consequential i could give a very long list of examples i will give a few patrick suppes was among the first to realize the implications for education of the digital computer and he inaugurated a broad project on computer instruction combined with empirical research on learning along the way he won the national medal of science his very idea has been wonderfully continued by two of my colleagues wilfried sieg and richard scheines david lewis rose to a challenge about how meanings could arise without a pre established understanding between communicators and in convention he answered it brian skyrms and his students have extended the basic ideas to a variety of settings and skyrms has used related techniques evolutionary game theory to speculate on the evolution of norms lewis contributed a logical theory where one was really needed for counterfactuals in the 1960s there was a lot of writing about relativity and conventionality david malament really understood the theory and cleared matters up he went on to investigate ways in which features of gravitational models are in principle underdetermined and perhaps as an amusement to compute lower bounds on the energy required to execute a causal circle philosophers and others learned from him from john earman we learned how various pieces of modern cosmology do not fit together where the holes are and much else from eliot sober we got a new take on evolution philosophers and statisticians alike want to posit probabilities over sentences but how would that work with a language adequate to science and mathematics say first order logic haim gaifman told us and worked out the implications for what is and what is not learnable putnam s innovation opened the way to generalization to many epistemological and methodological issues gaifman kevin kelly and scott weinstein seized the opportunity bayesian statisticians overlooked many fundamental issues decisions among multiple agents resolution of incoherence etc teddy seidenfeld and his collaborators addressed them peter spirtes and richard scheines combined work in statistics and computer science to produce the graphical representation of causal relations the fundamental result on the implications of such representations for experimental prediction and the first feasible procedures for searching for such models from data their work is used now in many places the website with software deriving from their ideas receives a hundred hits a week recently collaborating with a computer scientist patrick hoyer frederick eberhardt broke outside of traditional experimental design to give almost complete procedures for learning linear structures from experiments and so on my apologies to the many contributors my brief summary omits especially to those using philosophical background to write insightfully and importantly about public policy why should this work be done in philosophy departments at least for two reasons because philosophy teaches an eye for hidden presuppositions equivocations bad arguments generally and because philosophy departments can be homes to brilliant people who are at least initially outsiders to the science of the day people who will take up questions that may have been made invisible to scientists because of disciplinary blinkers people who look at issues in small ways or large just as friedman s vision proposes a real use of philosophy departments is to provide shelter for such thinkers and in the long run they may be the salvation of philosophy as an academic discipline one might think this work and much else like it that realizes friedman s vision in various ways would be an inspiration to philosophers not so it is largely regarded as marginal or idiosyncratic not philosophy philosophy while it can be combined with empirical work is an a priori effort and the tools of the a priori are opinion logic mathematics and the theory and practice of computation to use them friedman s vision requires as well a knowledge of the sciences learning logic and mathematics learning to prove and to program or at least how to write a decent algorithm requires some sustained effort that philosophers have largely foresworn not only for themselves but also in the instruction they give to their graduate students the run of philosophers use and even acknowledge as philosophical tools only the first called intuition i am reminded of a remark by a philosopher laurie paul in fact who complained when i used a bit of elementary boolean algebra in a lecture that philosophers should not be expected to know such things in one sense of expected she was alas right i do not think philosophical work based only on intuition is always worthless but it is a little bit like refusing to learn to walk on perfectly good legs and instead walking on your fingertips it is obtuse of late it has been remarked that there is a sociological break in philosophy more a fragmentation i should say conventional analytic philosophy analytic metaphysics theoretical ethics traditional epistemology philosophy of mind has become cramped and parochial a subject on the verge of swallowing itself the same could be said for a good deal of formal philosophy as tim maudlin put it to me once normal science may be boring but it produces something normal philosophy is boring and produces nothing again i paraphrase salvation were i a university administrator facing a contracting budget i would not look to eliminate biosciences or computer engineering i would notice that the philosophers seem smart but their writings are tediously incestuous and of no influence except among themselves and i would conclude that my academy could do without such a department phi beta kappa would protest of course but not if i found that my philosophy department retrieved a million dollars a year in grants and fellowships and contained members whose work is cited and used in multiple subjects and whose faculty taught the traditional subject well to the university s undergraduates i am in such a department and i will never again be a university administrator but the time is here when many university administrators are in fact in the situation i imagine and some of them may come to conclusions like mine clark glymour 1 in a previous post this was misattributed to brian leiter my apologies to professor leiter 31 comments uncategorized permalink posted by jeff helzner kyburg special issue in synthese december 18 2011 horacio arló costa and i were finishing the synthese special issue on henry kyburg this past summer when horacio passed away the issue is in queue for final production but papers are all available through online first it is a terrific collection of papers which stands as much as a tribute to horacio as it does to henry thanks again to all of the contributors and thanks especially to john symons and vincent hendricks at synthese for championing the project gregory wheeler introduction william harper sheldon j chow and gemma murray bayesian chance colin howson modelling uncertain inference isaac levi deductive closure choh man teng when adjunction fails david makinson logical questions behind the lottery and preface paradoxes lossy rules for uncertain inference hanti lin and kevin t kelly a geo logical solution to the lottery paradox with applications to conditional logic fabio cozman sets of probability distributions independence and convexity jeffrey helzner on the representation of error leave a comment formal philosophy philosophy of science probability permalink posted by gregory wheeler cfp esslli 2012 student session december 17 2011 esslli 2012 student session the 24th european summer school in logic language and information opole poland august 6 17 2012 deadline for submissions march 20 2012 http loriweb org esslli2012stus about the student session of the 24th european summer school in logic language and information esslli will take place in opole poland on august 6 17 2012 we invite submissions of original unpublished work from students in any area at the intersection of logic language language computation or logic computation read the rest of this entry leave a comment news permalink posted by gregory wheeler touching remarks concerning the origins of the pgr december 8 2011 as the most powerful man in academic philosophy law professor brian leiter needs no introduction to the philosophical community equipped with a deep understanding of measurement professor leiter with the help of several other expert methodologists has prepared the latest version of the philosophical gourmet report with all of the serious discussion that surrounds the pgr i enjoyed reading the following lighthearted remarks by professor leiter concerning the origins of the pgr i get asked this at various intervals and while it s been covered in some news stories over the years i think i ve never posted the explanation here so i might as well to satisfy the curiosity of anyone who is curious i first produced a short version of the pgr in 1989 when i was a phd student at michigan it was for undergrads at michigan thinking about grad school in philosophy and it was based on the research i had done on phd programs in philosophy prior to coming to michigan in the 1980s one of the best known rankings was the gourman report by jack gourman a cal state poli sci professor who ranked all fields and assigned minute numerical differences e g princeton was 4 89 in philosophy but pitt was 4 82 but never disclosed the methodology my suspicion was that gourman simply adjusted his rankings every few years based on the most recent national research council ranking this was when the nrc actually did useful reputational surveys so in the 1980s the last one was 1982 and it was already becoming out of date when i was a senior in college in 1983 84 anyway i called my type written report on philosophy phd programs in 1989 the anti gourman report to my surprise it was popular not just with the undergrads at michigan but with my fellow students who asked if they could photocopy it and send it to friends at their undergrad schools and so it began i updated it each year giving my gestalt sense of programs listing major faculty moves and so on as it grew more and more popular via the informal photocopy method of distribution i decided i better change the name lest jack gourman get cranky since gourman was close to gourmand and since i wasn t catering to gourmands but gourmets i settled on i can only speculate as to how many other leading philosophers spent as much time ranking things during their graduate studies perhaps this is an occasion for a poll 5 comments uncategorized permalink posted by jeff helzner joe halpern substantive rationality and backward induction december 1 2011 the following news is from yang liu and rush stewart over at fpcu http blogs cuit columbia edu logic substantive rationality and backward induction joe halpern cs cornell friday december 9 11 am 716 philosophy hall columbia university abstract some of the major puzzles in game theory today involve the notion of rationality assuming that all players are rational and know that they are all rational and know that they know etc results in strategies that seem highly irrational at the 1998 tark theoretical aspects of rationality and knowledge conference there was a 2 5 hour round table involving some leading game theorists ...