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of the highways is urgently needed to be put on the agenda the article further confirms that according to the national highway network plan during the period 2013 2030 two new corridors will be built to connect xinjiang with tibet the g216 national highway is one of them its main section is almost parallel to the ancient keryia road and is located on the east side of the ancient road creating a closest connection line from urumqi to lhasa the author adds in addition the hotan area also has a local road network three horizontal and three vertical plans and these three verticals are all related to crossing the kunlun mountains one of the verticals is the g580 national highway the second vertical is the keryia highway g216 which enters tibet near heishi lake and the third vertical is the sanju highway constructed almost along the route of the sanju ancient road in pishan county as a result the highway across the kunlun mountains will become a network concludes the article interestingly the article mentions the proposed tibet xinjiang railway running via the aksai chin since the final route plan of the xinjiang tibet railway has not yet been released yecheng station which is temporarily regarded as the starting point of the xinjiang tibet railway will also be continuously improved for the xinjiang tibet highway network if the yecheng station is not really where the train arrives moyu karakash station or hotan stations might be the starting point all this is worrying will the indian government follow its usual ostrich like policy or will it react if it does not it will have implications for several decades for india like the aksai chin blunder in the 1950s posted by claude arpi at 3 44 pm no comments email this blogthis share to x share to facebook share to pinterest labels g216 g219 kunlun ladakh pla tibet xinjiang friday january 8 2021 the most serious strategic development on indian frontiers the g216 under construction one of the most secret projects of president xi jinping is to open a new link between xinjiang and tibet the two restive autonomous regions border india particularly the ladakh region which is witnessing a serious military confrontation since may 2020 the changthang national nature reserve a few years ago i wrote about the project of a road through the changthang or northern plain in tibetan which occupies a large part of the tibetan plateau with the approval of the state council the changthang national nature reserve located in northern tibet south of the kunlun mountains had become a national reserve in april 2000 the reserve spreads on a total area of 391 200 km2 which makes it the second largest nature reserve in the world after the northeast greenland national park with the recently established adjoining reserves there is now a total of 496 000 km2 of connected nature reserves the changthang national nature reserve lies at an average elevation of 4 500 meters administratively it comes under the prefectures of nagchu and ngari of the tibet autonomous region some parts of the reserve are located in the county of rutok bordering ladakh and particularly the occupied aksai chin only a few tibetan nomads permanently live there but it is a paradise for wild animals such as wild yak bos grunniens tibetan wild ass or kiang equus kiang himalayan blue sheep or bharal pseudois nayaur argali ovis ammon mongolian gazelle procapra gutturosa and tibetan antelope or chiru pantholops hodgsonii the list of predators is also long it includes snow leopards panthera uncia or uncia uncia tibetan wolves canis lupus chanco turkestan lynx lynx lynx isabellinus and tibetan blue bears ursus arctos pruinosus this reserve will soon be disturbed by the bulldozers gcbs and thousands of migrant workers china is planning a new highly strategic highway in the area this will forever change the ecology demography and military importance of the area cutting through the desert on may 16 2020 impressive pictures of workers driving bulldozers on a construction site in the taklamakan desert were released by xinhua the caption explained the construction of yuli qiemo highway the third north south route running through taklamakan desert has entered the final rush workers of china communications construction company ltd are working on the largest dune in this project with an estimated volume of 1 2 million cubic meters of sand to deal with xinhua s caption continued they established camps next to the dune for the convenience of work and receive daily necessities on a regular basis the completion of the highway is expected to improve the transport conditions in southern xinjiang and promote local development the yuli qiemo county highway 330 kilometers in length was the third north south in the taklamakan desert soon there will be five road the next one interests us the fifth one is the g580 the proposed g216 highway old 216 national highway a new road will soon runs parallel the yuli qiemo highway the national highway 216 known as g216 linking northern xinjiang to kyirong county in tibet the border town with nepal for india the construction of the g216 will bring the greatest strategic change since the 1950s national highway 216 runs from altay city in the xinjiang uyghur autonomous region in direction baluntai in hejing county where it joins china national highway 218 city name and distance from starting point altay 0 beitun 62 fu yun 202 chakurtu town 263 ganhezi 629 fukang 661 urumqi 762 ballenter 857 a few years ago i had mentioned the possibility of having a second road link between the two restive provinces of tibet and xinjiang the first one is the g219 or aksai chin road running through the indian territory according to the national highway network planning 2013 2030 the g216 will run from hongshanzui port in altay county to luntai county then to minfeng county gerze county in tibet to finally reach kyirong for obvious reasons beijing does not want to announce as yet that it has started the construction of highly strategic road link which china says will serve the under developed parts of gerze county of western tibet ngari before reaching nepal for beijing it is an important part of xi jinping s belt and road initiative bri between central and south asia but in case of conflict with india he will be a great boon for the people s liberation army the crossing of the kunlun range is the trickiest part of the project how will the chinese engineers managed to cross the mountainous range once on the plateau the terrain via gerze county will be easier today many still believe that it is impossible to cross the kunlun but beijing has probably done its home work and studied the 19th century western explorers such as sven hedin or aurel stein who moved around the area and found slightly easier passages to cut across the formidable natural barrier as we shall see it is an old dream of the megalomaniac rulers of china the xinjiang production and construction corps incidentally on may 14 2020 the xinjiang production and construction corps xpcc announced that it would pump a lot of funds into transportation projects in 2020 according to xinhua the xinjiang authorities will invest 9 5 billion yuan about 1 34 billion u s dollars in 60 major road projects with plans to build or upgrade roads with a combined length of 2 281 km according to the local transportation bureau of the investment the xinjiang production and construction corps will allocate 5 7 billion yuan to its areas of jurisdiction in the southern part of xinjiang soon after the outbreak of the corona virus it was reported that the xpcc had already resumed work on a number of major transportation projects it is ominous for the ladakh border where the chinese have aggressively attacked india on the lac the route of the new g216 highway an environmental impact assessment to come back to the changthang reserve a few years ago a public announcement for the environmental impact assessment eia of the new reconstruction project of national highway no 216 tibet area was made from ngari prefecture in western tibet according to the published abstracts of the eia the state environmental protection bureau of the national highway 216 tibet area area has basically completed the project environmental impact for pollution prevention and control the new section of the highway will be 857 kilometres in length and link xinjiang to tibet the eia says control measures analysis and evaluation have been completed in accordance with the relevant provisions of the interim measures for public participation in environmental impact assessment some relevant contents of the eia were then made public the overview provided an idea of the route followed by the new highway starting from xinjiang the highway will be connecting xinjiang and tibet via minfeng before crossing the kunlun range which will be crossed slightly eastward compared to the earlier plans to use the keryia pass as an entry into tibet one of the many worrying aspects of the project is that it crosses the highly eco sensitive changthang national nature reserve it will run for 110 km in the main reserve about 270 km in the buffer zone and some 100 km in the experimental area the total investment for the project is rmb 6 453 billion more than 1 billion us dollars another map of the proposed highway g216 very few information about the g216 however a chinese website provides some details about the history of the road it explains xinjiang and tibet are two giant autonomous regions occupying nearly one third of china s landmass the boundary between the two autonomous regions is more than 1 300 kilometers it mentions the main issue for beijing due to the barrier of the kunlun mountains and the harsh natural environment of the northern tibet plateau the number of practical passages is limited therefore in history the western regions and the tibetan plateau were relatively independent geographical areas and they did not communicate closely with each other this can be seen in the distribution of ethnic groups in the autonomous regions north and south of the kunlun but this does not mean that there were no contacts between the two regions it then makes an interesting remark the geographic tag corresponding to tibet is the qinghai tibet plateau however the boundary between tibet and xinjiang is not divided according to the boundary of the plateau but roughly the southern foot of the main kunlun mountains is tibet it means that a part of the land of the northern tibet plateau is part of xinjiang the article adds moreover the southern and northern foothills of the kunlun mountains especially the edge of the aksai chin basin in the west are home to a series of ethnic settlements such as kirgiz kyrgyz mountain selekul tajik and uygur while the tibetans are completely absent it practically means that the kunlun range is the natural frontier we can deduct from this that the chinese accept the kunlun as the geographical border and therefore the aksai chin is part of ladakh india it seems a logical conclusion according to the same paper most of the actual administrative rights in this area fall under hotan or hetian or khotan in xinjiang and only a small part of the southern part belongs to the ngari region in tibet in general the arid climate to the north of this boundary line corresponds to the oasis civilization in xinjiang and the alpine climate to the south corresponds to the plateau civilization in tibet its segmentation effect is quite obvious the crossing of the kunlun range is clearly the passage between two worlds historical background the article observes before the tang dynasty the western regions and the qinghai tibet plateau did not have much contact after the establishment of the tubo dynasty from the 7th to 9th centuries ad the tibetan empire was unified as a large and powerful empire it ruled an area considerably larger than the tibetan plateau stretching to parts of east asia central asia and south asia it is called by china the tubo empire the article notes songsen gampo gradually unified the qinghai tibet plateau and integrated the internal resources of the plateau tubo prospered and took the steps to conquer abroad it admits that for centuries the central government had limited control over the remote occupied areas later the tibetan empire declined and the oasis on the southern edge of the desert taklamakan in xinjiang gradually returned to the uighurs the construction of the g216 will be the first large scale meeting between the qinghai tibet plateau and the western regions xinjiang the road from the western regions to the qinghai tibet plateau is being especially the tunnels that cross the kunlun mountains will make this possible proposed routes in the early 1950s not an easy task to cross the website continues to explain crossing the kunlun mountains is not an easy task compared with several other projects in tibet the difficulty coefficient is the highest there were several ancient routes to tibet crossing the kunlun mountains but though it is looks impossible the kunlun can be crossed believe the chinese engineers it says that in the early days there were several passages through the kunlun mountains keriya trail 克里雅 古道 south of keryia leading to tibet keliyang trail 克里阳 古道 southwest of hotan leading to aksai chin sanju ancient road 桑株 古道 south west of hotan leading to aksai chin the first route the keryia trail is the shortest of several ancient roads and also the most difficult and dangerous one it starts from pulu village in hotan county in the north crosses several mountain pass up to the keryia pass the boundary between the new tibetan territory or xinjiang and tibet it runs between the western and the middle section of the kunlun mountains before reaching the changthang uninhabited area in northern tibet after that it uses the tibetan transportation network to reach garze and then gartok the keriya river is on the east shahidulla and the sanju trail the second is the keliyang ancient road because its starting point is located in the core area of the ancient yerkand khanate it is also called the yerkand road starting from keliyang township in pishan county on the northern slope of kunlun mountain in the north passing akernier village and then running up the keliyang river valley it crosses keliyang daban on today s g219 national highway tibet highway the third is the sanju ancient road also known as the yarkand road or kunlun mountain pack horse road the terminus of the trail and that of the keliyang ancient road is the same shahidullah or saidula it starts from sanju township sanju village in pishan county in the north passes through kangkeer kirgizi nationality township and climbs up the sanju river valley over sanju la pass during the tang dynasty this was one of the routes used by the tibetans to attack hotan before the opening of the xinjiang tibet highway g219 it was also used as one of the supply routes for the pla troops entering...