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the case that this package of conditions was worsened by colonisation indeed there are former colonies singapore hong kong that are now as rich as their previous colonisers colonisers were indeed often oppressive and sometimes brutal and yes they extracted taxation but that s different from the question of whether over the long term the economic development of colonies was slowed down or sped up two economists studying the issue found a strong and uniformly positive relationship between colonial european settlement and development and argue that any adverse effect of extractive institutions associated with minority european settlement was more than offset by other things the european settlers brought with them such as human capital and technology 19 but didn t oxfam calculate that britain had exploited trillions out of its empire yes two academics calculated that britain extracted wealth amounting to a current value of 50 trillion from india that calculation added up the value of all the goods that were exported from india saying that by taxing india to pay for goods britain had got them at far below a fair price they then compounded the sum at an interest rate of 5 a year to arrive at its value today this is a bizarre calculation that bears no relation to how economies work it supposes that we are richer today because surpluses from past agricultural production have been accumulated in the nation s bank account in actuality most governments are heavily in debt and today s higher standard of living doesn t come from building up piles of agricultural surplus nor from monetary reserves in the nation s bank account it comes from progress in technology it s hard to argue that over the long run contact with the west and its superior technology has overall harmed the technological development of other countries compared to the counterfactual where there had been no such contact just as the west today undoubtedly benefits from current technological development in the far east 20 a similarly bizarre calculation argues that the west owes 100 trillion to the caribbean countries this figure was arrived at by evaluating damages that a slave might be awarded by a court today for lost labour lost life loss of liberty through false imprisonment personal injury mental pain and anguish and gender based harm and multiplying this by the total number of slaves and then suggesting that this sum should be paid to the current governments of the relevant countries why they think that current governments should be paid for the suffering of long dead citizens who cannot themselves be compensated is not explained nor justified perhaps the advocates are thinking that the higher the sum they ask for the more they are signalling their abhorrence of slavery but it amounts to saying that people today who have never been slave owners and whose current wealth owes almost nothing to slavery in the now distant past should make vast payments to people who have never been slaves and whose current circumstances also bear little relation to past slavery 21 but didn t colonial powers divide africa with arbitrary lines on the map causing ongoing ethnic conflict to some extent yes though this has been exaggerated but the argument supposes that there was little ethnic conflict prior to the european arrival totally untrue and that there would have been less if the europeans had not arrived also dubious further many other parts of the world such as the balkans and eastern europe have also undergone as many boundary changes and this does little to explain why some nations are relatively wealthy today while others are not it s also worth remarking that those keenest on the idea that the west must pay reparations tend to be among those who insist that when it comes to those western nations ethnic diversity and multiculturalism are a great strength not a weakness 22 in any case the caribbean countries have received around 200 billion in foreign aid since 1960 principally from the us africa has received over 2 trillion in that time opinions vary on whether this has helped africa since aid can undercut the local economic development from which true prosperity comes massive reparations payments would similarly remove the ability of a home grown economy to operate and develop properly 23 let s also emphasise that a huge fraction of the technology that underpins the world economy today was invented by white europeans in western countries since patents expire after 20 years nearly all of this technological know how is now available to the rest of the world pretty much for free take for example electricity invented by white europeans faraday maxwell volta tesla etc and now worth trillions a year to the world economy or take the sources of nearly all mechanical power worldwide first the steam engine invented by europeans then the internal combustion engine europeans and the electric motor europeans or computers or mobile phones or the internet or the recent developments of ai or much of our understanding of genetics and the haber bosch process which underpins the green revolution and has greatly increased food yields or a vast list of other things including much of medical science and the vast array of modern drugs all of this took decades and centuries for the west to develop along with china japan and others but it s not them asking for reparations and which now underpins the economies of the rest of the world the fact that western technological know how and western ideas of how to organise society to generate wealth are now available to the rest of the world pretty much for free is a huge boon to everyone else and massively outweighs any residual economic negatives from slavery or colonisation in contrast the countries asking for reparations have contributed almost no technological development that has then benefited others 24 overall there is no economic basis for the request for reparations so why is it now being demanded over a hundred and fifty years after slavery was abolished in the western world likely this comes from the rise of critical theory which now dominates much of academia this simplistic one trick theory attributes all disparities in outcome to oppression if there are differences in wealth between groups or nations then it must be because the richer ones have oppressed the poorer ones no other explanation can be considered if there is no current oppression but there are still wealth gaps then these must be the ongoing consequence of past oppression and the only remedy for this is reparations on a scale sufficient to result in equality of outcome this is a fundamental misunderstanding of how the world works and what leads to prosperity poverty needs no real explanation since for millennia it was the lot of all of humanity by the standards of today s west everyone in history lived in poverty what led to the prosperity of today s west was not as certain academics might tell you that one group decided to exploit the other groups in fact most tribes fought with neighbouring tribes most of the time over most of history the west s wealth was instead generated internally it came from figuring out better technology and better ways of organising society an investigation into what factors drive prosperity would look at market economies respect for private property strong legal institutions good educational systems free trade and public infrastructure electricity piped water sewage systems roads railways communications networks etc cultural factors that could also be important might include attitudes to free speech and free enquiry an absence of oppressive religion a willingness to respect the public good and reject crime a lack of corruption such that administrators serve the public good not themselves and their extended families and a willingness to collaborate with fellow citizens rather than a tribalism that sees others as unfriendly in the end it seems to come down to human capital and to a populace adopting the attitudes and policies that lead to prosperity the recipe is not a secret and is there for others to adopt share this share on x opens in new window x share on facebook opens in new window facebook more share on reddit opens in new window reddit share on pinterest opens in new window pinterest share on tumblr opens in new window tumblr like loading this entry was posted in society and tagged colonialism reparations slavery technology un wealth on march 25 2026 by coel why do people still not know about genes 6 replies this piece first appeared on the heterodox stem substack the blank slate the idea that differences in human personality and behaviour are entirely the result of that person s experiences earlier in life is utterly dominant in swathes of the social sciences including sociology criminology and anthropology left leaning academics adhere to the blank slate because it implies that humans are fully malleable if a person s behaviour good or bad is entirely the result of how they have been treated then one can fix all of society s problems by re engineering society to give everyone an idyllic upbringing and so produce a utopia indeed the failure to have done that already can only be attributed to the iniquity of the capitalists who thus need to be overthrown and deposed we ve known for decades that this is utterly wrong by far the biggest influence on a person s personality and behavioural traits is their genes 1 twin studies corroborated and supported by adoption studies and other types of study tell us that about 50 of the variation in behavioural traits is attributable to differences in genes everything else including biological randomness in embryonic development the influences of families schools and communities and all the other influences and experiences specific to each person only adds up to the other 50 2 the heritability of criminality is about 40 50 which means that whether or not a child is likely to grow up to have a criminal record depends primarily on the genes he was born with and less than that on his upbringing and childhood environment 3 so why is this totally ignored in most discussions of the causes of crime i was mulling that question while listening to a podcast involving rob henderson rafael mangual and theodore dalrymple the 90 minute discussion about the real drivers of antisocial behavior and crime is well worth listening to but not once did they mention genes and there was only one passing reference to innate biological factors i would have expected as much in a discussion among left wing academics for whom crime is always explained by poverty but this podcast was sponsored by the manhattan institute a right wing think tank and none of the three participants could be described as left wing to answer my own question it s because in today s universities the arts humanities and social sciences are completely dominated by left leaning academics who either don t know about biology or have an ideological aversion to genetics when it comes to human personality and behaviour and since nearly all opinion formers and nearly everyone in the media all studied the arts humanities or social sciences at university they were never taught about the actual science and so even those critical of left wing analyses also end up discussing the topic in blank slate terms in the podcast rafael mangual discusses the role of poverty in crime i often hear it said that well obviously poverty causes crime because most criminals are poor and the people who make that argument never seem to contemplate the possibility that the same kind of dispositions that lead someone to think about knocking over a liquor store at gunpoint are also not very conducive to economic success in western society mangual is correct and yes it s true that poverty correlates with crime but that does not mean that poverty causes crime instead crime could cause poverty or more likely the same attitudes and personality traits that lead someone to crime will also ensure that that person is poor so mangual ruminates further i am consistently confronted with the question of well what do you think is at the root of crime and i ve spent the last year or so kind of thinking more deeply about that question and i think that what you see in criminal populations is an overrepresentation of the kind of cluster b personality disorders things like antisocial personality disorder substance use disorders borderline personality disorder narcissistic personality disorder yes personality is the single biggest factor in whether someone will turn to crime but then he says it seems like the predictors of the development of those antisocial dispositions are rooted in early childhood trauma adverse childhood experiences tend to correlate strongly with the later development of antisocial dispositions childhood experiences may indeed have something to do with it but more important is that child s set of genes yes bad childhood experiences do indeed correlate with later antisocial behaviour but correlation is not causation someone with genes for antisocial behaviour will have inherited their genes from their parents and so their parents will also have had genes for antisocial behaviour and that is likely to have resulted in bad parenting and thus in their children having unhappy childhoods but the primary causal factor is not the parenting it s the genes 4 and yes all such personality traits are indeed strongly influenced by genes they re not there just for show genes are the recipe that creates us including what s inside our skulls much of what is commonly attributed to parenting is actually the effect of parental genes yes the quality of the childhood environment is indeed a good indicator of that child s later success but that s not because the childhood environment is the causal factor it s because the child gets the parents genes indeed twin studies tell us that shared environment all environmental factors that siblings living together would share including parents the home the locality schools has surprisingly little effect on children s outcomes often adding up to only 10 to 20 of the variance this had been known for decades and has been verified by multiple studies but it has totally failed to percolate into mainstream discourse none of this is saying that upbringing has no effect but one cannot deduce that it does simply from a correlation one first needs to control for genetics only once the larger effect of genetics has been accounted for can one look for any smaller effect from childhood experiences mangual continues is part of what s driving outcomes like criminality and drug addiction explainable in whole or in part by what these individuals experienced in childhood that led them on a path where they were still exercising agency in adulthood but that agency was being exercised against a backdrop of traumatic experiences that led them or at least facilitated them going down a certain p...