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total argentina is the second leading producer with more than 15 of the world production the united states is the third leading producer accounting for 7 5 of world production turkey is also a leading producer france italy south africa and chile are among the leading apple exporters in the united states more than 60 of all the apples sold commercially are grown in washington state imported apples from new zealand and other more temperate areas are competing with us production and increasing each year apples can be canned juiced and optionally fermented to produce apple juice cider vinegar and pectin distilled apple cider produces the spirits applejack and calvados apple wine can also be made they make a popular lunchbox fruit as well apples are an important ingredient in many winter desserts for example apple pie apple crumble apple crisp and apple cake they are often eaten baked or stewed and they can also be dried and eaten or re constituted soaked in water alcohol or some other liquid for later use puréed apples are generally known as apple sauce apples are also made into apple butter and apple jelly they are also used cooked in meat dishes in the uk a toffee apple is a traditional confection made by coating an apple in hot toffee and allowing it to cool similar treats in the us are candy apples coated in a hard shell of crystallised sugar syrup and caramel apples coated with cooled caramel apples are eaten with honey at the jewish new year of rosh hashanah to symbolise a sweet new year farms with apple orchards may open them to the public so consumers may themselves pick the apples they will buy posted by serg 8 02 am apple the apple is a tree and its pomaceous fruit of the species malus domestica in the rose family rosaceae it is one of the most widely cultivated tree fruits it is a small deciduous tree reaching 5 12 m tall with a broad often densely twiggy crown the leaves are alternately arranged simple oval with an acute tip and serrated margin slightly downy below 5 12 cm long and 3 6 cm broad on a 2 5 cm petiole the flowers are produced in spring with the leaves white usually tinged pink at first 2 5 3 5 cm diameter with five petals the fruit matures in autumn and is typically 5 9 cm diameter rarely up to 15 cm the centre of the fruit contains five carpels arranged star like each carpel containing one or two rarely three seeds posted by serg 7 50 am sunday february 25 2007 botanical information the wild ancestor of malus domestica is malus sieversii it has no common name in english but is known in kazakhstan where it is native as alma in fact the region where it is thought to originate is called alma ata or father of the apples this tree is still found wild in the mountains of central asia in southern kazakhstan kyrgyzstan tajikistan and xinjiang china for many years there was a debate about whether m domestica evolved from chance hybridisation among various wild species recent dna analysis by barrie juniper emeritus fellow in the department of plant sciences at oxford university and others has indicated however that the hybridisation theory is probably false instead it appears that a single species still growing in the ili valley on the northern slopes of the tien shan mountains at the border of northwest china and the former soviet republic of kazakhstan is the progenitor of the apples we eat today leaves taken from trees in this area were analyzed for dna composition which showed them all to belong to the species m sieversii with some genetic sequences common to m domestica some individual m sieversii recently planted by the us government at a research facility resist many diseases and pests that affect domestic apples and are the subject of continuing research to develop new disease resistant apples citation needed other species that were previously thought to have made contributions to the genome of the domestic apples are malus baccata and malus sylvestris but there is no hard evidence for this in older apple cultivars these and other malus species have been used in some recent breeding programmes to develop apples suitable for growing in climates unsuitable for m domestica mainly for increased cold tolerance the apple tree was perhaps the earliest tree to be cultivated and apples have remained an important food in all cooler climates to a greater degree than other tree fruit except possibly citrus apples store for months while still retaining much of their nutritive value winter apples picked in late autumn and stored just above freezing have been an important food in asia and europe for millennia as well as in argentina and in the united states since the arrival of europeans citation needed the word apple comes from the old english word æppel which in turn has recognisable cognates in a number of the northern branches of the indo european language family the prevailing theory is that apple may be one of the most ancient indo european words abl to come down to english in a recognisable form citation needed the scientific name malus on the other hand comes from the latin word for apple and ultimately from the archaic greek mālon mēlon in later dialects the legendary placename avalon is thought to come from a celtic evolution of the same root as the english apple the name of the town of avellino near naples in italy is likewise thought to come from the same root via the italic languages linnaeus assigned the apple to the genus pyrus along with pears and quinces philip miller subsequently separated the apple into its own genus a division repeatedly ratified over the years posted by serg 7 51 am thursday january 25 2007 apple cultivars there are more than 7 500 known cultivars of apples different cultivars are available for temperate and subtropical climates reputedly the world s biggest collection of apple cultivars is housed at the national fruit collection in england apples do not flower in tropical climates because they have a chilling requirement commercially popular apple cultivars are soft but crisp other desired qualities in modern commercial apple breeding are a colourful skin absence of russeting ease of shipping lengthy storage ability high yields disease resistance typical red delicious apple shape long stem to allow pesticides to penetrate the top of the fruit and popular flavour old cultivars are often oddly shaped russeted and have a variety of textures and colours many of them have excellent flavour often better than most modern cultivars but may have other problems which make them commercially unviable such as low yield liability to disease or poor tolerance for storage or transport a few old cultivars are still produced on a large scale but many have been kept alive by home gardeners and farmers that sell directly to local markets many unusual and locally important cultivars with their own unique taste and appearance are out there to discover apple conservation campaigns have sprung up around the world to preserve such local cultivars from extinction in the united kingdom old cultivars such as cox s orange pippin and egremont russett are still commercially important even though by modern standards they are low yielding and disease prone although most cultivars are bred for eating fresh dessert apples some are cultivated specifically for cooking cooking apples or producing cider cider apples are typically too tart and astringent to eat fresh but they give the beverage a rich flavour that dessert apples cannot modern apples are as a rule sweeter than older cultivars most north americans and europeans favour sweet subacid apples but tart apples have a strong minority following extremely sweet apples with barely any acid flavour are popular in asia and especially india tastes in apples vary from one person to another and change continually over time as an example the u s state of washington made its reputation for apple growing on red delicious in recent years many apple connoisseurs have come to regard the red delicious as inferior to cultivars such as fuji and gala due to its merely mild flavour and insufficiently firm texture posted by serg 7 53 am monday december 25 2006 apple breeding like most perennial fruits apples are ordinarily propagated asexually by grafting seedling apples are different from their parents sometimes radically most new apple cultivars originate as seedlings which either arise by chance or are bred by deliberately crossing cultivars with promising characteristics the words seedling pippin and kernel in the name of an apple cultivar suggest that it originated as a seedling apples can also form bud sports mutations on a single branch some bud sports turn out to be improved strains of the parent cultivar some differ sufficiently from the parent tree to be considered new cultivars some breeders have crossed ordinary apples with crabapples or unusually hardy apples in order to produce hardier cultivars for example the excelsior experiment station of the university of minnesota has since the 1930s introduced a steady progression of important hardy apples that are widely grown both commercially and by backyard orchardists throughout minnesota and wisconsin its most important introductions have included haralson which is the most widely cultivated apple in minnesota wealthy honeygold and honeycrisp posted by serg 7 54 am sunday november 26 2006 apples as symbols apples appear in many religious traditions often as a mystical and forbidden fruit though the forbidden fruit in the book of genesis is not identified popular european christian tradition has held that it was an apple that eve coaxed adam to share with her as a result in the story of adam and eve the apple became a symbol for temptation the fall of man into sin and sin itself in latin the words for apple and for evil are similar malus apple malum evil this may be the reason that the apple was interpreted as the biblical forbidden fruit the larynx in the human throat has been called adam s apple because of a notion that it was caused by the forbidden fruit sticking in the throat of adam two young men in this painting modern interpreters have viewed the apple alternately as an ironic twist on christian symbology intended by the painter as a sexual innuendo between two men 2 or as a memento mori 3 crispin van den broeck dutch ca 1590 oil on panel fitzwilliam museum cambridge this notion of the apple as a symbol of sin is reflected in artistic renderings of the fall from eden when held in adam s hand the apple symbolises sin however when christ is portrayed holding an apple he represents the second adam who brings life this also reflects the evolution of the symbol in christianity in the old testament the apple was significant of the fall of man in the new testament it is an emblem of the redemption from that fall and as such is also represented in pictures of the madonna and infant jesus there are several instances in the old testament where the apple is used in a more favourable light the phrase the apple of your eye comes from verses in deuteronomy 32 10 psalm 17 8 proverbs 7 2 and zechariah 2 8 implying an object or person greatly valued in proverbs 25 11 the verse states a word fitly spoken is like apples of gold in settings of silver in the love songs of the song of solomon the apple is used in a sensual context in these latter instances the apple is used as a symbol for beauty the apple appears again in joel 1 12 in a verse with a sense of profound loss when the apple tree withers at times artists would co opt the apple as well as other religious symbology whether for ironic effect or as a stock element of symbolic vocabulary thus secular art as well made use of the apple as symbol of love and sexuality it is often an attribute associated with venus who is shown holding it posted by serg 12 13 am saturday november 25 2006 starting an orchard apple orchards are established by planting trees two to four year old these small trees are usually purchased from a nursery where they are produced by grafting or budding first a rootstock is produced either as a seedling or cloned using tissue culture or layering this is allowed to grow for a year then a small section of branch called a scion is obtained from a mature apple tree of the desired cultivar the upper stem and branches of the rootstock are cut away and replaced with the scion in time the two sections grow together and produce a healthy tree rootstocks affect the ultimate size of the tree while many rootstocks are available to commercial growers those sold to homeowners who want just a few trees are usually one of two cultivars a standard seedling rootstock that gives a full size tree or a semi dwarf rootstock that produces a somewhat smaller tree dwarf rootstocks are generally more susceptible to damage from wind and cold full dwarf trees are often supported of posts or trellises and planted in high density orchards which are much simpler to culture and greatly increase productivity per unit of land there has been limited research into growing apples on their own roots i e without a rootstock in england this was initiated by hugh ermen at brogdale kent and has been carried on by phil corbett in nottinghamshire some of the supposed benefits are greater disease resistance and better flavour some trees are produced with a dwarfing interstem between a standard rootstock and the tree resulting in two grafts after the small tree is planted in the orchard it must grow for 3 5 years semi dwarf or 4 10 years standard trees before it will bear sizeable amounts of fruit good training of limbs and careful nipping of buds growing in the wrong places are extremely important during this time to build a good scaffold that will later support a fruit load posted by serg 7 55 am wednesday october 25 2006 pollination apples are self incompatible and must be cross pollinated to develop fruit pollination management is an important component of apple culture before planting it is important to arrange for pollenizers cultivars of apple or crab apple that provide plentiful viable and compatible pollen orchard blocks may alternate rows of compatible cultivars or may have periodic crab apple trees or grafted on limbs of crab apple some cultivars produce very little pollen or the pollen is sterile so these are not good pollenizers quality nurseries have pollenizer compatibility lists growers with old orchard blocks of single cultivars sometimes provide bouquets of crab apple blossoms in drums or pails in the orchard for pollenizers home growers with a single tree and no other cultivars in the neighbourhood can do the same on a smaller scale during the flowering each season apple growers usually provide pollinators to carry the pollen honeybee hives are most commonly used and arrangements may be made with a commercial beekeeper who supplies hives for a fee orchard mason bees are also used as supplemental pollinators in commercial orchards home growers may find these more acceptable ...