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environmental costs of war brown university skip to main content brown university brown university costs of war search menu site navigation home about people contributors funders costs human economic social political environmental papers findings in the news more from our contributors teaching educator spotlights teaching the costs of war donate search costs of war environmental breadcrumb home costs sub navigation in this section human economic social political environmental environmental photo credit kali rubaii 2021 fallujah iraq wars and military operations contribute significantly to climate change military jets and vehicles consume petroleum based fuels at an extremely high rate and the vehicles used in the war zones produce tons of carbon monoxide nitrogen oxides hydrocarbons and sulfur dioxide in addition to co2 residents of war zones and soldiers suffer many negative health consequences of war s environmental wreckage bombs and other munitions contain toxic substances including heavy metals white phosphorus depleted uranium and dioxin that in addition to causing horrific injuries contaminate soil water and vegetation in the aftermath of fighting explosive weapons destroy buildings generating debris and releasing hazardous materials such as asbestos industrial chemicals and fuels explosives also destroy water supplies and sanitation facilities leading to pollution from sewage and solid waste in rural areas bombing decreases soil quality and inhibits agriculture by disrupting topography forming craters and altering drainage patterns unexploded remnants of war remaining in the land injure and kill people for years after the active fighting has ended u s military bases in iraq afghanistan and elsewhere contaminate their surrounding environments with oil spills and other toxic chemicals u s military burn pits open air incinerators used to burn broken down tanks the detritus of weapons computers batteries aerosols metals and many other types of industrial military and medical debris contaminate the air ground water and soil and expose soldiers and civilians to dangerous health pollutants at times environmental destruction is an intentional weapon of war ecosystems animal and bird populations are adversely affected key findings the u s department of defense is the world s single largest institutional consumer of oil and as a result one of the world s top greenhouse gas emitters environmental contamination is an important and understudied causal pathway to indirect deaths due to war for example u s service members have suffered from respiratory problems headaches and cancers due to their exposure to burn pits in iraq and local people living near burn pits say they have similar symptoms people who live or return to live in bombarded areas may be at a higher risk of reproductive health harms and other health problems such as cancer the population of fallujah iraq faced a 17 fold increase in birth anomalies linked with bombardments from the 2003 u s invasion and later occupation by isis bone sampling research in fallujah detected high rates of environmental toxins afghanistan is one of the most landmine and unexploded ordnance impacted countries in the world from 2001 through 2018 the afghanistan government reported 14 693 civilians injured and 5 442 killed from landmines and other explosive remnants of war many u s and u k workers in military industries are frustrated with the environmental costs of their field and would welcome a transition to working in the green economy the military can redirect its weapons and technological production capacity towards civilian uses and decarbonize the u s economy given the right policy environment page updated as of may 2025 related papers lessons from fallujah war returnees face long term health risks from heavy metal exposure published march 24 2025 kali rubaii interdisciplinary authors kali rubaii mark griffiths ellen wells aaron specht ian lindsay samira alani and abdulqader alrawi purdue university newcastle university fallujah women and children s hospital conducted biological environmental and anthropological research in fallujah iraq they find that people who have returned to bombarded homes and neighborhoods may face increased risk of negative health impacts from heavy metal exposure both for themselves and for future generations how death outlives war the reverberating impact of the post 9 11 wars on human health may 15 2023 stephanie savell anthropologist and costs of war director stephanie savell senior fellow brown university examines how war s destruction of economies public services infrastructure and the environment leads to deaths that occur long after bombs drop and grow in scale over time dr savell reviews the latest research to examine the causal pathways that have led to an estimated 3 6 3 8 million indirect deaths in post 9 11 war zones including afghanistan pakistan iraq syria and yemen the total death toll in these war zones could be at least 4 5 4 7 million and counting though the precise mortality figure remains unknown some people were killed in the fighting but far more especially children have been killed by the reverberating effects of war such as the spread of disease u k and u s defense worker views on the environmental costs of war and military conversion published january 26 2023 karen bell according to environmental policy scholar karen bell senior lecturer university of glasgow with humanity now facing the possibility of catastrophic and irreversible climate change the environmental costs of the world s military industries are increasingly being recognized as a significant part of the problem dr bell s research demonstrates that this realization now even extends to the defense companies and weapons exporting governments themselves who are currently in the process of discussing how to green defense how to do so is a topic of debate amongst industry officials environmentalists policy makers and others from a militarized to a decarbonized economy a case for conversion published january 26 2023 miriam pemberton economist miriam pemberton associate fellow at the institute for policy studies describes how when the u s military budget decreased after the cold war military contractors initiated a strategy to protect their profits by more widely connecting jobs to military spending they did this by spreading their subcontracting chains across the united states and creating an entrenched war economy perhaps the most infamous example lockheed martin s f 35 fighter jet which is built in 45 states pentagon fuel use climate change and the costs of war published november 19 2019 neta c crawford the u s department of defense is the largest institutional consumer of fossil fuels in the world and a key contributor to climate change environmental rehabilitation and global profiteering in wartime iraq published april 23 2017 bridget guarasci the wartime initiative to restore iraq s southern marshes according to american media the united nations and the iraqi government has been a resounding success behind the scenes however environmentalism in iraq has created a political opportunity for foreign corporations seeking a way into the country s cache of natural resources health and health care decline in iraq the example of cancer oncology mac skelton with a focus on the example of cancer and oncology in iraq this article provides windows into both the decline of health and health care and the ways in which this decline has been contested debated and silenced respiratory disorders following service in iraq robert miller inhalational exposures in iraq and afghanistan have received a lot of attention due to the number of troops involved and a high incidence of respiratory complaints linked to service contributors karen bell senior lecturer in sustainable urban development karen bell 2 glasgow ac uk neta crawford professor of international relations university of st andrews scotland co founder and strategic advisor costs of war netaccrawford gmail com bridget guarasci assistant professor of anthropology franklin marshall college bguarasc fandm edu robert miller associate professor of pulmonary medicine vanderbilt university robert miller vanderbilt edu miriam pemberton associate fellow at the institute for policy studies miriam ips dc org kali rubaii assistant professor in the department of anthropology at purdue university kali rubaii gmail com stephanie savell senior fellow watson school of international and public affairs brown university director costs of war stephanie_savell brown edu mac skelton executive director of the institute of regional and international studies at the american university of iraq sulaimani mac skelton auis edu krd brown university providence ri 02912 401 863 1000 quick navigation visit brown campus map a to z contact us footer navigation news events campus safety accessibility jobs at watson give to brown brown university brown university 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