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Text of the page (random words):
comparative siouan dictionary csd home entries languages words sources legal download contact comparative siouan dictionary compiled by richard t carter willem de reuse randolph graczyk a wesley jones john e koontz robert l rankin david s rood patricia a shaw and paul voorhis at the siouan workshop held in the summer of 1984 at the university of colorado introduction david s rood principal investigator university of colorado may 2015 this dictionary is a work in progress it will probably always be a work in progress however it represents a vast amount of time and effort by a large number of people and all of us agree that it should be made available to other interested people now while the original data set will be preserved in the form in which the editors especially rankin left it and cannot be changed there is a way for you to make additions by leaving comments and your thoughts via our commenting feature of course we also encourage you to mine it for information which should be double checked before it is utilized the attached paper rankin et al 1998 summarizes many of the conclusions about proto siouan to which the work on the dictionary has led us the project which culminates in this work dates to a workshop at the university of colorado in 1984 a fairly thorough history including comments on the continuously evolving technological tools can be found in rood and koontz 2002 the primary compiler analysts were robert l rankin richard t carter a wesley jones john e koontz and david s rood additional data were provided by jimm good tracks kenneth miner carolyn quintero and kathleen shea since 2011 iren hartmann and the computer staff at the max planck institute for evolutionary anthropology in leipzig germany have been working to create this web based version the main programmers on the project were robert forkel and hans jörg bibiko financial support for the 1984 workshop came from nsf bns 8406236 and neh rd 20477 84 financial support for the dictionary came from neh rt 21062 84 rt 21238 91 the second neh grant included an offer to match funds we raised elsewhere and such funds were received from the american philosophical society and the university of colorado because this has been a team effort there are many inconsistencies because it has been developing for so many years there are features that we no longer understand and abbreviations we no longer remember iren hartmann and her colleagues at the max planck institute for evolutionary anthropology in leipzig have devoted many hours and considerable effort to cleaning out the inconsistencies and typing up loose ends as well as to the design and functioning of the web site itself the entire siouanist community and the other linguists on the project owe iren a huge debt of gratitude even so there will be plenty of things for readers and users to comment on below is a list of things to watch out for part of speech designations refer to the reconstructed word but often with some uncertainty we have elected not to use the term postposition substituting adv for that some of us think that these words are probably relational nouns but that is a topic for further investigation verbs have not been subdivided into transitive intransitive stative impersonal etc because these categories sometimes vary among the daughter languages and the part of speech is meant to refer to the reconstructed proto form at one point the editors attempted to assign semantic category terms like plant action verb or color term to the reconstructions but it proved to be difficult to agree on many of these so not very many entries had been assigned such a category in this web version however we have included the set of semantic domains as used in the hoocąk dictionary database with some few additions we hope that it may prove useful in sorting and filtering the data all entries except function words grammatical markers have been assigned a semantic category some of these categories may be revealing for morphological reconstruction e g many body part terms may have had an initial i possessive prefix which has been lost but not without traces in some of the daughter languages at one point the editors hoped to be able to present all the data from all the languages in a single consistent orthography toward that end many citations will be in two forms the original as written in the source notes or publications listed in the column cognate and a second form preceded by a dagger listed in the column phonetic siouan we have tried to automate the conversion from the source spellings to the daggered spellings but unsuccessfully so some entries will have daggered alternatives and some will not all other forms are listed in the orthography as used in the cited resource though over the years some changes may have been made in certain cases as well not all the sources could be recovered and not all of those cited can be confirmed someone has added information without proper acknowledgement and we have not been able to correct for that dashes in the middles of words represent morpheme boundaries frequently a form in a daughter language will appear without a gloss in those cases the gloss assigned to the reconstruction is the same as that in the daughter again there has been an attempt to insert the missing glosses automatically listed in square brackets in the column meaning but there may be gaps please submit any comments questions or bug reports or corrections to iren hartmann gmail com and david rood colorado edu acknowledgements at cu hours and hours of data entry jule gomez de garcia at mpi evan robert forkel for including the csd in his wonderful clld framework for all his technical support and for programming the web site soung u kim for his great mind and initiative and the many months spent on splitting fields and cleaning up inconsistencies hans jörg bibiko for his many clever scripts that helped us immensely in the initial conversion of the csd from a word processor file back into a database doreen schrimpf for cleaning up many inconsistencies and for helping with the restructuring of the database file unconventional symbols in the reconstructions e marks a vowel which is sometimes a sometimes e and in a few languages also sometimes in or an depending on the following grammatical context this is traditionally called the ablaut vowel r w these symbols represent reconstructed sounds which are like r or w but have a different set of reflexes think of them as another kind of r or w the editors refer to them as funny r and funny w see rankin carter and jones 1998 for details s stems with fricatives sometimes in some languages show a kind of positional sound symbolism in that front alveolar or dental articulation marks a kind of diminutive sense alveopalatal position represents a normal sense and velar position represents an augmented sense some examples from lakhota zí yellow ží tawny ǧí brown sóta murky šóta muddy ȟóta grey this system is no longer productive in any of the languages but sometimes only one of these grades survives and it may not be the same grade across the languages the symbol s therefore represents one of these sound symbolic roots where we cannot be sure of the exact grade to reconstruct the siouan family tree family tree for languages used in this database poorly attested languages e g woccon are occasionally mentioned but not listed here siouan catawban catawba siouan missouri valley crow hidatsa central siouan mandan mississippi valley dakotan lakota dakota santee sisseton yankton yanktonais assiniboine stoney chiwere winnebago chiwere iowa otoe hoocąk dhegiha kansa osage omaha ponca quapaw ohio valley tutelo ofo biloxi the criteria for including a cognate set in the dictionary were that the set must be attested in two of the three major branches missouri valley central siouan ohio valley if we had allowed forms that were only attested in central siouan there would have been hundreds of additional entries root extensions in proto siouan a speculative observation one problem in finding data to compare across siouan languages is that a very large number of verbs occur with a small number less than a dozen of instrumental prefixes to find the verb root one has to subtract the prefix and the languages may not agree on which prefix if any can be used with a given root even if the roots are cognate john koontz devised a computer program for automating the subtraction of the prefixes thus enabling us to find many cognates that would otherwise have been obscured behind the prefixes once that was done editor a wesley jones discovered that the roots sometimes occurred as doublets distinguished by one form with an additional consonant at the beginning or at the end while a second form with a similar meaning would occur without that extra consonant jones s 1990 paper describing this phenomenon can be downloaded below in the references section one of his examples from lakota is pa túza bend over compared with pa ptúza bend over he termed the extra consonant the p at the beginning of the second root after the prefix a root extension and speculated that these root extensions were the remains of a pre proto siouan layer of morphology this proposal was not accepted by all the editors but an analysis of many words into roots and root extensions is presented in the dictionary on the languages page under the proto siouan heading a word like sku he peel will be analyzed as ku s h meaning that the root was ku but in this form it has a pre posed root extension s and a post posed root extension h users of the dictionary should feel free to make use of this proposal if they wish references jones a wesley 1990 the case for root extensions in proto siouan in ingemann frances ed 1990 mid america linguistics conference papers 505 517 lawrence ks university of kansas department of linguistics pdf rankin robert l richard t carter and a wesley jones 1998 proto siouan phonology and grammar in xingzhong li luis lopez and tom stroik eds papers from the 1997 mid america linguistics conference 366 375 columbia university of missouri columbia pdf rood david s and john e koontz 2002 the comparative siouan dictionary project in frawley william kenneth c hill and pamela monroe eds making dictionaries preserving indigenous languages of the americas 259 281 berkeley univ of calif press pdf cite rankin robert l carter richard t jones a wesley koontz john e rood david s hartmann iren eds 2015 comparative siouan dictionary leipzig max planck institute for evolutionary anthropology available online at https csd clld org accessed on 2026 10 07 cite comparative siouan dictionary edited by rankin robert l carter richard t jones a wesley koontz john e rood david s hartmann iren is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 0 international license privacy policy disclaimer application source v1 0 30 g546e69c on