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site title: DECISION STATS Better Decisions === Faster Stats

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tables and common table expressions sql string functions text cleaning slicing searching splitting and concatenation sql string functions are essential for cleaning transforming parsing and searching textual data inside relational databases functions such as length char_length upper lower and initcap handle measurement and case transformation while octet_length measures bytes rather than characters and becomes important with multibyte data the distinction matters because character length and byte length are not always the same sql also provides functions such as reverse repeat ascii and chr for specialised text manipulation for reliable comparisons the presentation recommends storing the original value while using a folded or normalised representation for comparison rather than permanently destroying the source text parsing text becomes straightforward when substring left right position and split_part are used according to the structure of the data sql string positions are generally 1 based so forgetting this can introduce silent off by one errors substring can extract a fixed region or work together with position to locate delimiters dynamically while split_part is often clearer when processing consistently delimited values such as order codes or email addresses cleaning functions then prepare imported data for reliable comparison trim replace and translate remove unwanted characters lpad and rpad create fixed width values and regexp_replace handles more complex transformations such as retaining only digits in phone numbers or collapsing repeated whitespace concatenation requires particular care around null values the operator propagates null meaning that a single missing component can make an entire concatenated result null concat treats null values as empty strings while concat_ws is especially useful for addresses and other multi part values because it inserts the separator only between non null components coalesce provides another explicit way to supply fallback values for searching the presentation recommends using the weakest mechanism that satisfies the requirement equality can use a normal b tree index prefix searches such as like adi can use an index while a leading wildcard such as like adi generally prevents a normal b tree range scan for postgresql workloads trigram indexes can make contains searches index assisted while full text search with to_tsvector and to_tsquery is more appropriate for natural language document search regular expressions provide more expressive validation extraction and replacement than like but they are generally cpu bound and should not be used when a simpler indexed predicate is sufficient the deck also demonstrates how delimited text can be expanded into rows using string_to_array and unnest after which the resulting values can be trimmed analysed joined or aggregated with string_agg although this technique is useful for cleaning denormalised imports repeatedly splitting a comma separated column is a sign that the data may be better represented in a normalised child table similarly string_agg can rebuild ordered lists across rows with order by placed inside the aggregate and distinct used when repeated values need to be removed performance and correctness depend heavily on keeping text predicates indexable and understanding database specific behaviour wrapping an indexed column in functions such as upper or lower can prevent a plain index from being used unless a corresponding expression index exists postgresql expression indexes and trigram indexes provide practical solutions collation also affects case comparison sorting and other text semantics so assumptions about whether values such as aditi and aditi are equal should never be made without considering the database and column collation common pitfalls include null propagation in concatenation treating character positions as zero based leaving wildcard characters unescaped in user input unexpected char padding and storing comma separated lists instead of normalised relationships a robust text processing workflow is therefore to normalise first validate without immediately deleting bad records deduplicate using a normalised key and preserve the original data for review https docs google com presentation d e 2pacx 1vqraz4xnlk3rfxqktdd0wo8vt1v8uosw3dz6b_v6m0rd9lgjymtwqm0 auyfhehpq pub start true loop true delayms 10000 please share share on linkedin opens in new window linkedin share on facebook opens in new window facebook share on x opens in new window x like loading author aviral gupta posted on august 9 2026 categories analytics tags analytics data sql leave a comment on sql string functions text cleaning slicing searching splitting and concatenation sql stored procedures functions triggers server side logic control flow and database automation stored procedures functions and triggers allow application logic to execute directly inside the database but each object has a distinct role a function returns a value or table and can be called from select where or joins making it suitable for reusable computations and parameterised reporting a procedure is invoked with call and is designed for multi step maintenance or batch operations where transaction control such as commit and rollback is required triggers are different again they execute automatically in response to database events and are particularly useful for integrity enforcement audit trails and controlled row level transformations choosing the correct object prevents server side code from becoming unnecessarily complex or difficult to maintain sql functions can be implemented as simple sql expressions or with procedural languages such as pl pgsql when variables branching loops or exception handling are required a scalar function accepts parameters and returns one value while a table returning function can behave much like a parameterised view that can be joined and composed with other queries function volatility is also important because it communicates assumptions about how results behave immutable indicates that the same inputs always produce the same result without table access stable allows results to remain consistent within a statement while reading database state and volatile permits results to change between calls declaring volatility accurately gives the query planner more information and can allow immutable functions to participate in expression indexes pl pgsql adds procedural control flow through variables if statements loops records and exception blocks however the presentation strongly emphasises a set based first approach a loop that performs an operation row by row is usually far slower than a single sql statement that performs the same transformation across the entire dataset exception handling should likewise be deliberate raise exception can abort an operation with a clear message while named conditions such as unique_violation can be caught when recovery is genuinely required broadly swallowing errors with a blanket when others then null is dangerous because it can hide failures and leave data in an unexpected state procedures become particularly useful for long running maintenance tasks because they can commit work between batches the deck demonstrates chunked archival using batches of 10 000 rows for update skip locked and get diagnostics to monitor affected rows committing between chunks prevents a maintenance job from holding one enormous transaction and helps keep locks and write ahead logging growth manageable triggers provide another form of server side automation before row triggers can modify or validate new before a row is stored while after row triggers can record what actually happened making them well suited to audit trails the presentation s audit example captures inserts updates and deletes using tg_op current_user and jsonb snapshots of the old and new rows the most important lesson is not simply how to write server side sql but knowing when it belongs in the database logic that must never be bypassed such as integrity rules and audit trails is a strong database side candidate as are set based transformations and bulk maintenance close to the data frequently changing business rules workflows involving external services retry queues and complex application behaviour are generally better kept in the application layer performance and observability also matter row level triggers execute once per affected row while set based statements can process large datasets far more efficiently production database code should therefore be version controlled tested with assertion queries deployed through repeatable migrations instrumented with tools such as explain analyze and kept as set based as possible https docs google com presentation d e 2pacx 1vsrilalmimxkyz_nyzqkrxix_nx_zlz3xbl2g q7fl7yy1h yyybcsraocg6a9cbq pub start true loop true delayms 10000 please share share on linkedin opens in new window linkedin share on facebook opens in new window facebook share on x opens in new window x like loading author aviral gupta posted on august 9 2026 categories analytics tags analytics data sql leave a comment on sql stored procedures functions triggers server side logic control flow and database automation sql set operations conditional logic union case null handling and advanced sql patterns sql set operations provide a way to combine the results of multiple queries vertically while conditional expressions allow sql to express branching logic directly inside a query union combines result sets and removes duplicates whereas union all simply appends the rows and is generally the better default when duplicate elimination is unnecessary intersect returns rows present in both result sets while except returns rows present in the first result but absent from the second oracle uses minus for the latter operation set operations require the same number of columns with compatible types and columns are matched by position rather than name the first select determines the output column names while a final order by applies to the combined result a common source of sql errors is confusing set operations with joins set operations stack rows with the same structure whereas joins combine related tables horizontally by adding attributes and can change row counts through fan out case addresses a different problem it returns a value based on conditions and can therefore be used in select where group by order by having and aggregate expressions sql supports both searched case which evaluates arbitrary boolean conditions from top to bottom and simple case which compares one expression against multiple values the first matching branch wins so condition ordering matters if else is omitted unmatched rows produce null and all branches must return compatible types sql s handling of null is based on three valued logic a condition can evaluate to true false or unknown comparisons involving null normally produce unknown which explains why null null is not true and why null should be replaced with is null this behaviour becomes especially important with not in because a null in the comparison list can make the predicate evaluate to unknown and prevent rows from qualifying sql provides several tools for controlling this behaviour coalesce returns the first non null argument nullif converts a specified value into null and is distinct from provides null safe equality semantics together these functions support fallback values data cleaning safe division outer join reporting and comparisons involving nullable columns these features also enable several practical sql patterns without requiring procedural code conditional aggregation with sum case can create portable static pivots transforming categories such as quarters into separate columns case can implement custom business priority sorting create age or revenue buckets perform conditional updates and construct optional filters for data reconciliation running except in both directions reveals rows missing from either system the two difference sets can then be combined and paired with a full outer join to produce a labelled report showing missing extra or differing records the presentation also highlights an important performance consideration union and except require duplicate elimination typically through sorting or hashing while union all performs a straightforward append for large datasets an indexed not exists anti join can sometimes be a more efficient alternative to except the key to reliable sql set and conditional logic is understanding exactly how rows values and null states behave use union all when duplicate removal is not required explicitly parenthesise mixed set operation chains because intersect has higher precedence than union and except order case conditions from narrow to broad and provide an else when an unmatched result should not become null for safe ratios the presentation recommends the idiom coalesce a nullif b 0 0 which prevents division by zero while supplying a fallback value finally remember that count column ignores null values whereas count counts every row these principles make set operations predictable conditional logic expressive and null heavy sql substantially easier to reason about https docs google com presentation d e 2pacx 1vsyt01y1aizh5l8l 0glwfi2y 7rzz1n g4 gklbrhf7ys shixvss4iphdhhj3gw pub start true loop true delayms 10000 please share share on linkedin opens in new window linkedin share on facebook opens in new window facebook share on x opens in new window x like loading author aviral gupta posted on august 9 2026 categories analytics tags analytics data sql leave a comment on sql set operations conditional logic union case null handling and advanced sql patterns posts pagination page 1 page 2 page 369 next page blog stats 1 366 937 hits bitcoin address bitcoin wallet 12fxl4og4mqtzt6prz1lkcmqq6ddgjk4yg latest book sas for r users books by ajay ohri python for r users r for 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