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r gnu project free software foundation fsf the r project for statistical computing table of contents introduction to r the r environment downloading r more information introduction to r r is a language and environment for statistical computing and graphics it is a gnu project which is similar to the s language and environment which was developed at bell laboratories formerly at t now lucent technologies by john chambers and colleagues r can be considered as a different implementation of s there are some important differences but much code written for s runs unaltered under r r provides a wide variety of statistical linear and nonlinear modelling classical statistical tests time series analysis classification clustering and graphical techniques and is highly extensible the s language is often the vehicle of choice for research in statistical methodology and r provides an open source route to participation in that activity one of r s strengths is the ease with which well designed publication quality plots can be produced including mathematical symbols and formulae where needed great care has been taken over the defaults for the minor design choices in graphics but the user retains full control the r environment r is an integrated suite of software facilities for data manipulation calculation and graphical display it includes an effective data handling and storage facility a suite of operators for calculations on arrays in particular matrices a large coherent integrated collection of intermediate tools for data analysis graphical facilities for data analysis and display either on screen or on hardcopy and a well developed simple and effective programming language which includes conditionals loops user defined recursive functions and input and output facilities the term environment is intended to characterize it as a fully planned and coherent system rather than an incremental accretion of very specific and inflexible tools as is frequently the case with other data analysis software r like s is designed around a true computer language and it allows users to add additional functionality by defining new functions much of the system is itself written in the r dialect of s which makes it easy for users to follow the algorithmic choices made for computationally intensive tasks c c and fortran code can be linked and called at run time advanced users can write c code to manipulate r objects directly many users think of r as a statistics system we prefer to think of it of an environment within which statistical techniques are implemented r can be extended easily via packages there are about eight packages supplied with the r distribution and many more are available through the cran family of internet sites covering a very wide range of modern statistics r has its own latex like documentation format which is used to supply comprehensive documentation both on line in a number of formats and in hardcopy downloading r r can be found on http cran r project org the master site of comprehensive r archive network or at one of its mirrors it is available as source code and as binary distributions for a number of gnu linux and unix platforms and for versions of microsoft windows that support long file names more information r comes with an faq list and an introduction to the language and how to use r for doing statistical analysis and graphics in pdf and other formats further manuals and documentation including in french and spanish are discussed in the faq and in the documentation section on cran return to gnu s home page please send fsf gnu inquiries questions to gnu gnu org there are also other ways to contact the fsf please send comments on these web pages to webmasters gnu org send other questions to gnu gnu org copyright c 1999 free software foundation inc 59 temple place suite 330 boston ma 02111 usa verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any medium provided this notice is preserved last modified 2000 may 18 by brian ripley