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quality visualizations of sites from the air for public consumption whether as part of the requirement of many archaeology companies as charities as part of planning policies to interact with the public or the growing importance of crowdfunding archaeological excavations digventures which require interaction with their backers uavs can provide a means of providing this sort of imagery as part of an overall recording strategy this includes the recording of site tours which can provide details of a sites which can easily be disseminated to the public at its simplest the uav can provide an aerial element to the video of the site tour by flying past or through elements of the site or flying past or hovering in front of the site tour guide the dji inspire 1 is one such aerial video platform which can be purchased with two remote controllers one for controlling the uav while the other is used to control the camera gimbal this allows a pilot to fly the uav on a set path while someone experienced in film making has complete control of the camera dji inspire 1 although the uav can provide an excellent platform for aerial video recording as part of site tours recently developed technologies can make this much more automated and provide a means for one person to both the site tour guide the uav pilot recording the site tour there are two ways in which this can be done 1 gps follow me technology follow me technology dronedog using pixhawk this functionality is available on many uavs including some of the dji series and those using the open source px4 and pixhawk autopilot technologies with the px4 pixhawk systems the mode can be controlled from a number of base station software solutions including tower which can run on android mobile devices such as smartphones the systems uses the gps of the mobile device as a target for the uav a number of cinematic controls for the uav are available in the app leash uav follows actor lead uav leads actor pointing back at them left right uav keeps pace with actor to the side circle uav circles actor at specified radius follow me controls 3dr tower the following parameters can also be set altitude radius 3dr tower altitude and radius the system also controls the camera gimbal pointing the camera towards the gps enabled device together these controls can provide various aerial video elements useful for integration in a site tour video which can be controlled directly from the mobile device in the hand of the site tour guide 2 computer vision technologies computer vision technologies are an important developing area in robotics and are beginning to be fitted to uavs some of these technologies use image recognition algorithms to match the subject matter between consecutive video frames allowing the uav to follow a person or object even when it is rotating and so changing the way it appears they come in three forms a software currently in beta testing the vertical studio app available on ios and android uses existing camera hardware on the dji phantom 3 or inspire to provide the imagery for the image recognition algorithms running in the app a target is chosen in the app which then controls the flight of the uav vertical studio app you can also draw walls in the app that designate no fly areas for the uav walls in the vertical studio app b add on technology the second is an add on technology that is fitted to an existing uav which connects to the autopilot and controls the flight of the uav in the case of the percepto funded on the indiegogo crowdfunding website the processing is done in a companion computer while the video is taken from an add on camera controls are then sent to the autopilot and gimbal to control the movement of them in relation to the subject matter percepto tracking percepto kit c integrated technology the third is an an integral part a newly built uav but is in effect a very similar technology to b this is the case with the soon to be released dji phantom 4 which is the first commercially available uav with the technology integrated into it dji phantom 4 obstacle avoidance dji phanton 4 vision positioning the app connects to a companion computer on the uav which uses the imagery from the camera as a source for the computer vision algorithms once again the subject matter is selected in the app and the uav will follow it phantom 4 app sources https 3dr com kb follow instructions http www dji com product phantom 4 http www dji com product intelligent flight modes http vertical ai features http www percepto co 1 comment posted in aerial digital recording techniques tagged 3dr android computer vision dji followme gps image recognition algorithms indiegogo ios pixhawk px4 site tour tower uav video chris anderson interdrone keynote the future of drones posted on nov 30 2015 leave a comment on the 9th of september chris anderson the ceo of the 3drobotics 3dr drone company gave the keynote speech at the international drone conference and exposition interdrone conference in las vegas on the future of drones mapping he discussed the previous democratizing of technologies such as the personal computer and the internet which put powerful tools in the hands of normal people empowering them and that thanks to drone development remote sensing will develop in the same direction with improvement satellites have the potential to reduce their costs in remote sensing by a factor of 1 in 10 while drones have the potential to reduce the costs by a factor of 4 in 10 the reason that the mobile phone network beat satellite phones is the same reason that drones will beat satellites in recording drones have the ability to scale in a way that satellites cannot he compared the pros and cons between satellite manned aircraft and drones in a hypothetical recording of the american state of kansas his model suggested that satellites and drones would have the same setup costs with 100 satellites costing 100 million dollars and 200 000 drones costing the same amount to capture kansas on a daily basis the satellites have high maintenance costs as they are located in space while drones have much lower costs while piloted and less when un piloted satellite drone data resolution 300 cm per pixel 3 cm per pixel data received hours minutes the drones have the potential to record a site on the hour every hour also at any one times 2 3 of the planet is under cloud cover making the drones the much better option as they generally fly under the clouds he concluded that for mapping 50 hectares the satellites would be the much cheaper option but for mapping 5 hectares the manned drone is the cheaper option while the manned aircraft was the worst option in all cases but autonomous drones operating as a fleet would be the better option all the way up to 500 hectares autonomous drones with the development of autonomy drones rather than doing things in the same way as manned aircraft they could do things in whole new innovative ways they could act as unmanned sensors record every hour on the hour charge themselves on charging pads be based in weatherproof boxes these technologies are possible now and 3dr support both swarming and fleets it could be possible to control 200 000 drones from a web browser a thousand miles away both 3dr and dji are migrating all of their control functions to mobile devices meaning that the platforms can act as connected devices from the start the development of the drone can be linked with sales drones as vehicles 500 thousand drones as cameras 1 million drones as something bigger 10 100 million potential the drones have the potential to act as sensors connected to the internet almost forgetting about the device with its data being passed to the cloud potential drone uses he discussed the potential of drones taking part in a number of the popular modern technological buzzwords internet of things big data reality capture personal storytelling the democratisation of hollywood video age personal robotics automation the new near space race he also discussed how drones came about thanks to mobile phone technology and its significant investment in the research and design of the technologies which enable phones to work including gps accelerometers as well as their computing technology the mobile phone industry developed these technologies which allowed the drone industry to begin the drone is basically a smartphone with propellers technological future developments with improvements in the on board computing processing power drones now have the ability to us the robotic operating system ros allowing the drone industry to draw on the extensive academic developments in ai artificial intelligence computer vision path finding and other technologies with ideas from a number of different industries converging the dronecode project has already brought together a number of open source drone projects under the governance of the linux foundation these include ardupilot px4 and pixhawk autopilot systems mavlink micro aerial vehicle communication protocol uavcan is a lightweight protocol designed for reliable communication in aerospace and robotic applications via can bus ros the robot operating system ros is a set of software libraries and tools that help you build robot applications cloud based systems such as droneshare and dronedeploy allow both the control and processing of drone data from within the cloud other future directions could include advanced precision landing capabilities on board hd video streaming support optical flow and gps denied navigation standardized vision processing obstacle detection and avoidance lidar ir thermal out of the box search and rescue capabilities the drone has become possibly the most complex consumer product outside of the car industry and continues to evolve leave a comment posted in news tagged 3dr chris anderson conference future of drones interdrone keynote high dynamic range photography photogrammetry part 1 posted on nov 12 2015 leave a comment high dynamic range hdr photography high dynamic range is a popular photographic technique that is used to produce more realistic photographic results or artistic images it is a technique that can be used to try and replicate what the human eye can see as the dynamic range of a camera is limited and it is unable to record the lightest and darkest elements in a single photograph this can be remedied by taking a number of photographs with varying shutter speed aperture combinations and combining them using specialist software to produce a photograph with a greater dynamic range than can be recorded in a single photograph many new digital cameras have the ability to produce hdr photographs using auto exposure bracketing aeb special hdr settings this may process the images for you resulting in an hdr photo on the camera but losing the originals or manually setting the camera up limitations of archaeological and cultural heritage photography an intrinsic problem with taking photographs in archaeological and cultural heritage contexts is lighting both too much and too little lighting are factors that hamper recording images that include as much detail as possible in the case of archaeological excavations attempts have been made to limit the problems in section photography by either reflecting more light in using white card or using a tarpaulin to cast a shadow both of these techniques work but require time and manpower the same problem is encountered in building recording where in an outside environment strong lighting can cause both bleached out areas and heavy shadows netley abbey hampshire east window photograph demonstrating the problem of strong oblique lighting causing both too much and too little light in the same image while lighting through windows can cause similar problems on the inside of buildings netley abbey hampshire sacristy library photograph demonstrating the effect of excessive light coming through a window causing the dual problems of both too much light near to the window and too little light in other areas in order to reveal elements in dark shadow a high exposure camera setting is required while bright bleached out areas are only revealed with low exposures these elements together with well lit areas cannot by revealed in one single photograph this is where high dynamic range photography comes in hdr photography in archaeology hdr photography was introduced to archaeology by david wheatley in 2010 he provided examples of its use in improving the standard recording methods of excavations cave sites and even using archived analogue archaeological photographs sadly its use was not embraced by the community probably due to technological limitations at the time and the inherent conservatism of the industry and museum archives which were yet to embrace digital photographic technology technology and the industry have now caught up with his ideas with digital cameras being present on most if not all excavations while other scholars have now begun to bring the technology to the technique of 3d recording using photogrammetry the interior of one of the rock cut tombs at the necropolis of cala morel menorca wheatley 2010 test pit recorded during investigations at itchen abbas hampshire wheatley 2010 hdr field archaeology photography photography is one of the primary recording techniques within field archaeology and has been since the introduction of discipline but conservatism within field archaeology has meant that it was only fairly recently that digital photography became the primary recording technology digital cameras have a number of benefits within archaeology the ability to take numerous photographs on one memory card no need to pay to process films no need to digitize the photographs where once excavators may have been told to limit the number of photographs taken on an excavation to keep the processing costs down digital media allows almost limitless photographs to be taken photographs can be as easy as point and click with the camera controlling all of the settings but they also have drawbacks where once archaeologists knew how to use an analogue camera to take bracketed shots the automatic setting on digital cameras is commonly the only setting used as it produces results at a required level of quality this means that the archaeologist may not know how to properly operate the camera although almost limitless photographs can be taken limits should be included as the archive may still need to be sorted through the requirements for digital storage can be complicated and costly although not ideal a number of modern cameras now come with an hdr setting on them which in many cases can be changed to the required level of bracketing although only the merged photograph is saved losing the possibility of later re processing the photographs with different settings field archaeology archive photographs one benefit of traditional bracketing of analogue photographs for archaeological excavations is that they provide an idea...