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workloads over mtls agent for compute workloads overview web servers deploy an apache server deploy an iis server deploy a flask server by using terraform applications interactive build a to do app with mongodb deploy an asp net application set up joomla set up lamp perform blue green deployments using cloud build send email from a vm about sending email send email with sendgrid send email with mailgun send email with mailjet databases mysql mysql on compute engine install mysql on compute engine configure mysql on compute engine set up client access with a private ip address cloning a mysql database on compute engine architectures for high availability of mysql clusters on compute engine deploying a highly available mysql 5 6 cluster with drbd on compute engine postgresql set up postgresql on compute engine set up a postgresql data disk set up postgresql with hot standby sql server best practices for sql server vms create create a high performance sql server vm add a sql server license to an existing linux server add a sql server license to an existing windows server configure sql server on google cloud using google cloud netapp volumes use file storage to configure sql server failover cluster instance use block storage to configure sql server always on availability groups configure windows set up alwayson availability groups using an internal load balancer set up alwayson availability groups using a distributed network name set up a failover cluster vm that uses s2d set up a failover cluster vm with multi writer disks configure linux set up a sql server cluster on linux with always on availability groups and pacemaker set up a sql server failover cluster on linux with multi writer disks migrate migrate a sql server database from aws ec2 to compute engine migrate a sql server database from windows to linux disaster recovery disaster recovery for microsoft sql server disaster recovery for microsoft sql server on persistent disk disaster recovery for microsoft sql server on hyperdisk deploying microsoft sql server for multi regional disaster recovery back up sql server databases to a google cloud storage bucket back up sql server databases using instant snapshots cloning a microsoft sql server database on compute engine load test sql server using hammerdb redis deployment options for redis on google cloud containers containers on compute engine deploy containers on vms and managed instance groups configure options to run your container transition from the container startup agent prepare for the shutdown of the container startup agent prevent the creation of vms that use the container metadata migrate containers that were deployed on vms during vm creation openshift workloads openshift on google cloud overview plan for openshift on google cloud overview of cluster services for openshift automatic configuration validation for openshift clusters built in integrations for openshift best practices for high availability with openshift disaster recovery for openshift on google cloud disaster recovery strategies for active passive and active inactive setups with openshift microsoft windows windows workloads best practices for windows server vms setting up active directory best practices for running active directory on google cloud deploy microsoft sharepoint server on compute engine deploying microsoft exchange server 2016 on compute engine windows server perform an in place upgrade of windows server run windows server failover clustering ibm spectrum symphony integrate ibm spectrum symphony with google cloud install the compute engine symphony provider install the google kubernetes symphony provider troubleshoot ibm spectrum symphony others load testing distributed load testing using kubernetes ssh port forwarding and load testing analytics monte carlo methods using apache spark machine learning run tensorflow inference workloads with tensorrt5 and nvidia t4 gpu monitor monitor logs view audit logs view usage reports view compute engine operations migrate from activity logs to audit logs view activity logs monitor resources monitor vm and sole tenant node usage observe and monitor vms monitor gpu performance monitor gpu performance on linux vms monitor gpu performance on windows vms monitor disks monitor disk health monitor the replica states of regional disks monitor disks list of metrics for pools monitor pools monitor reservations organize resources using labels scale autoscale groups of vms about autoscaling groups of vms create and manage autoscalers scale based on cpu utilization scale based on predictions scale based on load balancing serving capacity scale based on monitoring metrics scale based on schedules use an autoscaling policy with multiple signals manage autoscalers understand autoscaler decisions view autoscaler logs autoscale node groups reserve vm capacity choose a reservation type sharing reservations best practices for shared reservations allow a project to share reservations on demand reservations about on demand reservations create an on demand reservation for a single project for multiple projects combine an on demand reservation with a cud modify an on demand reservation delete an on demand reservation future reservations about future reservations create a reservation request for a single project for multiple projects modify a reservation request delete a reservation request future reservations in calendar mode about future reservations in calendar mode create a reservation request in calendar mode delete a reservation request in calendar mode view reservations or reservation requests consume a reservation prevent vms from consuming reservations load balancing about load balancing and scaling add an instance group to a load balancer request routing to a multi region external https load balancer cross region load balancing for microsoft iis backends set up internal tcp udp load balancing build reliable and scalable applications use autohealing for highly available applications use load balancing for highly available applications use autoscaling for highly scalable applications globally autoscale a web service on compute engine patterns for scalable and resilient applications patterns for using floating ip addresses on compute engine optimize resource utilization use recommendations to manage resources apply machine type recommendations to vms configure machine type recommendations apply machine type recommendations to migs view and apply idle resources recommendations view and understand vm insights view and understand mig insights manage idle vm recommendations idle vm recommendations overview view and apply idle vm recommendations configure idle vm recommendations manage reservation recommendations reservation recommendations overview view and apply idle reservation recommendations view and apply underutilized reservation recommendations configure idle reservation recommendations configure underutilized reservation recommendations overcommit cpus on sole tenant vms manual live migration about manual live migration manually live migrate vms share sole tenant node groups next generation dynamic resource management cost savings get discounts for committed usage about commitments and committed use discounts cuds resource based cuds purchase resource based commitments without attached reservations with attached reservations for os licenses manage resource based commitments renew commitments automatically extend commitment terms merge and split commitments upgrade commitments share resource based cuds across projects get discounts for sustained usage disk performance optimize hyperdisk performance optimize persistent disk performance optimize local ssd performance workload performance set the number of threads per core customize the number of visible cpu cores analyze the cpu performance using the pmu pmu overview enable the pmu in vms manage the pmu in vms network performance network bandwidth use google virtual nic use irdma network driver use idpf network interface configure a vm with higher bandwidth reduce latency by using compact placement policies optimize tcp network communication optimize tcp network performance optimize tcp network resiliency benchmark higher bandwidth vms optimize app latency with load balancing use dpdk to improve network performance network performance and gpu vms networking and gpu machines use higher network bandwidth patterns for using multiple host nics troubleshoot general tips troubleshoot connectivity troubleshoot rdp troubleshoot ssh troubleshoot os login troubleshoot vms troubleshoot vm operations troubleshoot vm creation troubleshoot resource availability errors troubleshoot bulk api vm creation troubleshoot vm reboots and shutdowns troubleshoot vm suspension troubleshoot vm updates troubleshoot unresponsive vms troubleshoot vm startup troubleshoot fstab errors troubleshoot kernel panic collecting core dumps rescue an inaccessible vm troubleshoot cpu bus locks troubleshoot cpu soft lockups troubleshoot vm configurations troubleshoot arm vms troubleshoot gpu vms troubleshoot nvidia gpu errors generate a nvidia bug report for blackwell gpus troubleshoot nested virtualization troubleshoot using vm screenshots troubleshoot sole tenant nodes troubleshoot vm performance issues troubleshoot sudoers files troubleshoot windows vms troubleshoot windows vms collecting diagnostic information troubleshoot using the serial console troubleshoot using the serial console viewing serial port output troubleshoot instance groups troubleshoot managed instance groups migs troubleshoot os management troubleshoot licenses troubleshoot image import and export troubleshooting sles pay as you go registration troubleshooting ubuntu pro registration troubleshoot metadata server troubleshoot metadata server troubleshoot networking issues troubleshoot common networking issues troubleshoot network drivers troubleshoot vm performance issues troubleshoot storage troubleshoot disk creation troubleshoot full disks and disk resizing troubleshoot disk encryption troubleshoot nvme disks troubleshoot instant snapshots troubleshoot standard snapshots troubleshoot reservations and commitments troubleshoot reservation creation troubleshoot reservation consumption troubleshooting reservation monitoring troubleshoot reservation updates troubleshoot future reservation creation and updates troubleshoot automatic commitment renewal troubleshoot quota errors troubleshoot concurrent operation quota errors troubleshoot workload authentication troubleshoot default service accounts troubleshoot workload to workload authentication ai and ml application development application hosting compute data analytics and pipelines databases distributed hybrid and multicloud industry solutions migration networking observability and monitoring security storage access and resources management costs and usage management infrastructure as code sdk languages frameworks and tools home documentation compute compute engine guides send feedback best practices for controlling ssh login access stay organized with collections save and categorize content based on your preferences this document describes best practices for controlling ssh login access to linux virtual machine vm instances to effectively manage ssh access to vm instances you must allow users access when they need it and revoke that access when they don t need it anymore if your process for revoking access isn t reliable or doesn t cover all resources then bad actors might be able to hold on to access even after their access should have been revoked the following sections contain best practices that help you ensure effective access revocation and protect against persistence threats use os login to ensure continuous access evaluation against iam policies use organizational policies to enforce consistent use of os login grant privileged roles on a per vm basis suspend user accounts when users leave the organization avoid granting ssh access to vms that have a privileged service account pre create posix profiles to ensure consistent usernames and uids limit the use of root privileges the document focuses on practices that are either specific to google cloud or of particular relevance when using ssh on google cloud the document doesn t cover best practices for specific ssh client or server implementations use os login to ensure continuous access evaluation against iam policies the compute engine public linux images are configured to allow ssh public key authentication to authorize a user s public key and grant them permission to a establish an ssh session you can use one of the following two mechanisms metadata based key authorization as an administrator you upload a user s public key to vm or project metadata or you let users perform the upload themselves by granting them permission to modify metadata a public key uploaded to the metadata of a single vm grants the user root privileges to the vm only a key uploaded to project metadata grants a user access to all vms in the project os login key authorization as a user you upload one or more public keys to your os login profile which is part of your google user account as an administrator you can decide whether to grant a user root privileges or regular user privileges on the vm by granting either the os login admin user iam role or os login user iam role the gcloud cli the google cloud console in browser ssh client and iap desktop automatically detect which mechanism you re using and can upload a user s key accordingly important by default os login is disabled and vms only allow metadata based key authorization a key difference between the two mechanisms is when access is evaluated against iam policies with metadata keys access is evaluated only once at the time of key upload the user s key is tied to the lifecycle of the vm or project and remains valid until you remove the key or delete the vm or project suspending or deleting the user account has no effect on the validity of their keys with os login access is evaluated every time a user attempts to establish an ssh session the user s key is tied to the lifecycle of their user account if you suspend or delete a user in cloud identity or google workspace their keys can no longer be used to grant ssh access using metadata based keys can expose you to persistence threats users might retain ssh access for longer than necessary if their public key isn t removed from metadata in a timely manner and they might even retain access after leaving the organization although you can reduce this risk by regularly scouring metadata doing so can be difficult in larger environments and it might be insufficient because metadata based keys grant users root privileges to help protect against such persistence threats don t allow users to use metadata based keys instead configure your projects to enforce the use of os login use organizational policies to enforce consistent use of os login os login i...