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ad balancer s forwarding rules however if you haven t configured a forwarding rule for port 80 or for port 443 any connections sent to those ports are refused conversely regional external application load balancers are implemented using envoy proxies and don t show extra open ports during a scan running a port scan on the ip address of a gfe based load balancer isn t useful from an auditing perspective for the following reasons a port scan for example with nmap generally expects no response packet or a tcp rst packet when performing tcp syn probing gfes send syn ack packets in response to syn probes only for ports on which you have configured a forwarding rule gfes only send packets to your backends in response to packets sent to your load balancer s ip address and the destination port configured on its forwarding rule packets that are sent to a different ip address or port aren t sent to your backends gfes implement security features such as google cloud armor with cloud armor standard gfes provide always on protection from volumetric and protocol based ddos attacks and syn floods this protection is available even if you haven t explicitly configured cloud armor you are charged only if you configure security policies or if you enroll in google cloud armor enterprise packets sent to the ip address of your load balancer can be answered by any gfe in google s fleet however scanning a load balancer ip address and destination port combination only interrogates a single gfe per tcp connection the ip address of your load balancer isn t assigned to a single device or system thus scanning the ip address of a gfe based load balancer doesn t scan all the gfes in google s fleet with that in mind the following are some more effective ways to audit the security of your backend instances a security auditor should inspect the forwarding rules configuration for the load balancer s configuration the forwarding rules define the destination port for which your load balancer accepts packets and forwards them to the backends for gfe based load balancers each external forwarding rule can only reference a single destination tcp port for a load balancer using tcp port 443 udp port 443 is used when the connection is upgraded to quic http 3 a security auditor should inspect the firewall rule configuration applicable to backend vms the firewall rules that you set block traffic from the gfes to the backend vms but don t block incoming traffic to the gfes for best practices see the firewall rules section tls termination the following table summarizes how tls termination is handled by external application load balancers load balancer mode tls termination global external application load balancer tls is terminated on a gfe which can be anywhere in the world classic application load balancer tls is terminated on a gfe which could be anywhere in the world regional external application load balancer tls is terminated on envoy proxies located in a proxy only subnet in a region chosen by the user use this load balancer mode if you need geographic control over the region where tls is terminated timeouts and retries external application load balancers support the following types of timeouts for http or https traffic timeout type and description default values supports custom timeout values global classic regional backend service timeout 1 a request and response timeout represents the maximum amount of time allowed between the load balancer sending the first byte of a request to the backend and the backend returning the last byte of the http response to the load balancer if the backend hasn t returned the entire http response to the load balancer within this time limit the remaining response data is dropped for serverless negs on a backend service 60 minutes for all other backend types on a backend service 30 seconds for backend buckets 24 hours 86 400 seconds connection setup timeout the maximum time allowed for the proxy to establish a connection to the backend a successful setup includes completing the tcp three way handshake and if the backend protocol is https completing the tls handshake for global external application load balancers and classic application load balancers the load balancer s proxy is a second layer gfe for regional external application load balancers the load balancer s proxy is envoy software 4 5 seconds client tls timeout the maximum amount of time that the load balancer s proxy waits for the tls handshake to complete for global external application load balancers and classic application load balancers the load balancer s proxy is a first layer gfe for regional external application load balancers the load balancer s proxy is envoy software 10 seconds client http keepalive timeout the maximum amount of time that the tcp connection between a client and the load balancer s proxy can be idle the same tcp connection might be used for multiple http requests for global external application load balancers and classic application load balancers the load balancer s proxy is a first layer gfe for regional external application load balancers the load balancer s proxy is envoy software 610 seconds backend http keepalive timeout the maximum amount of time that the tcp connection between the load balancer s proxy and a backend can be idle the same tcp connection might be used for multiple http requests for global external application load balancers and classic application load balancers the load balancer s proxy is a second layer gfe for regional external application load balancers the load balancer s proxy is envoy software for backend services 10 minutes 600 seconds for backend buckets 6 minutes 360 seconds quic session idle timeout the maximum amount of time that a quic session can be idle between the downstream client and the gfe of a global external application load balancer or a classic application load balancer for global external application load balancers and classic application load balancers the quic session idle timeout is the minimum of either the client idle timeout or the gfe idle timeout 240 seconds the gfe idle timeout is fixed at 240 seconds the client idle timeout can be configured 1 not configurable for serverless neg backends not configurable for backend buckets backend service timeout the configurable backend service timeout represents the maximum amount of time that the load balancer waits for your backend to process an http request and return the corresponding http response except for serverless negs the default value for the backend service timeout is 30 seconds for example if you want to download a 500 mb file and the value of the backend service timeout is 90 seconds the load balancer expects the backend to deliver the entire 500 mb file within 90 seconds it is possible to configure the backend service timeout to be insufficient for the backend to send its complete http response in this situation if the load balancer has at least received http response headers from the backend the load balancer returns the complete response headers and as much of the response body as it could obtain within the backend service timeout we recommend that you set the backend service timeout to the longest amount of time that you expect your backend to need in order to process an http response if the software running on your backend needs more time to process an http request and return its entire response we recommend that you increase the backend service timeout for example we recommend that you increase the timeout if you see http 408 status code responses with jsonpayload statusdetail client_timed_out errors the backend service timeout accepts values between 1 and 2 147 483 647 seconds however larger values aren t practical configuration options google cloud also doesn t guarantee that an underlying tcp connection can remain open for the entirety of the value of the backend service timeout in case of the global and classic application load balancers gfes impose an effective maximum backend service timeout of 86 400 seconds 1 day client systems must implement retry logic instead of relying on a tcp connection to be open for long periods of time to configure the backend service timeout use one of the following methods console modify the timeout field of the load balancer s backend service gcloud use the gcloud compute backend services update command to modify the timeout parameter of the backend service resource api for a global external application load balancer or a classic application load balancer modify the timeoutsec parameter for the global backendservices resource for a regional external application load balancer modify the timeoutsec parameter for the regionbackendservices resource websocket connection timeouts aren t always the same as backend service timeouts websocket connection timeouts depend on the type of load balancer load balancer mode default values timeout description for websockets global external application load balancer backend service timeout 30 seconds active websocket connections don t use the configured backend service timeout of the load balancer the connections are automatically closed after 24 hours 86 400 seconds this 24 hour limit is fixed and overrides the backend service timeout if it is greater than 24 hours idle websocket connections are closed after the backend service times out we don t recommend backend service timeout values greater than 24 hours 86 400 seconds because google cloud periodically restarts gfes for software updates and other routine maintenance your backend service timeout value doesn t delay the maintenance activities the longer the backend service timeout value the more likely it is that google cloud terminates tcp connections for maintenance classic application load balancer backend service timeout 30 seconds websocket connections whether idle or active automatically close after the backend service times out we don t recommend backend service timeout values greater than 24 hours 86 400 seconds because google cloud periodically restarts gfes for software updates and other routine maintenance your backend service timeout value doesn t delay the maintenance activities the longer the backend service timeout value the more likely it is that google cloud terminates tcp connections for maintenance regional external application load balancer backend service timeout 30 seconds active websocket connections don t use the backend service timeout of the load balancer idle websocket connections are closed after the backend service times out google cloud periodically restarts or changes the number of serving envoy software tasks the longer the backend service timeout value is the more likely it is that envoy tasks restart or terminate tcp connections regional external application load balancers use the configured routeaction timeout parameter of the url maps and ignores the backend service timeout when routeaction timeout isn t configured the value of the backend service timeout is used when routeaction timeout is supplied the backend service timeout is ignored and the value of routeaction timeout is used as the request and response timeout instead client http keepalive timeout the client http keepalive timeout represents the maximum amount of time that a tcp connection can be idle between the downstream client and one of the following types of proxies for a global external application load balancer or a classic application load balancer a first layer google front end for a regional external application load balancer an envoy proxy the client http keepalive timeout represents the tcp idle timeout for the underlying tcp connections the client http keepalive timeout doesn t apply to websockets the default value for the client http keepalive timeout is 610 seconds for global and regional external application load balancers you can configure the client http keepalive timeout with a value between 5 and 1200 seconds to configure the client http keepalive timeout use one of the following methods console modify the http keepalive timeout field of the load balancer s frontend configuration gcloud for global external application load balancers use the gcloud compute target http proxies update command or the gcloud compute target https proxies update command to modify the http keep alive timeout sec parameter of the target http proxy or the target https proxy resource for a regional external application load balancer you cannot update the keepalive timeout parameter of a regional target http s proxy directly to update the keepalive timeout parameter of a regional target proxy you need to do the following create a new target proxy with the intended timeout settings mirror all other settings from the current target proxy on the new one for target https proxies this includes linking any ssl certificates or certificate maps to the new target proxy update the forwarding rules to point to the new target proxy delete the previous target proxy api for global external application load balancers modify the httpkeepalivetimeoutsec parameter for the targethttpproxies resource or the targethttpsproxies resource for a regional external application load balancer you cannot update the keepalive timeout parameter of a regional target http s proxy directly to update the keepalive timeout parameter of a regional target proxy you need to do the following create a new target proxy with the intended timeout settings mirror all other settings from the current target proxy on the new one for target https proxies this includes linking any ssl certificates or certificate maps to the new target proxy update the forwarding rules to point to the new target proxy delete the previous target proxy the load balancer s client http keepalive timeout must be greater than the http keepalive tcp idle timeout used by downstream clients or proxies if a downstream client has a greater http keepalive tcp idle timeout than the load balancer s client http keepalive timeout it s possible for a race condition to occur from the perspective of a downstream client an established tcp connection is permitted to be idle for longer than permitted by the load balancer this means that the downstream client can send packets after the load balancer considers the tcp connection to be closed when that happens the load balancer responds with a tcp reset rst packet when the client http keepalive timeout expires either the gfe or the envoy proxy sends a tcp fin to the client to gracefully close the connection backend http keepalive timeout external application load balancers are proxies that use at least two tcp connections for a global external application load balancer or a classic application load balancer a first tcp connection exists between the downstream client and a first layer gfe first layer gfes connect to second layer gfes and then the second layer gfes open a second tcp connection to your backends for a regional external application load balancer a f...