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ild were printed a lot bigger so presumably we could learn to distinguish closely packed shapes if we were familiar enough with the conventions at this point of course with a small number of distinctive glyphs it would share a lot of properties with text based language see the section on discrete symbols below linearity humans are centered around linear communication spoken language is essentially linear with good use of a stack of concepts this story telling mode maps better on a linear textual representation than on a graphical representation when provided with a graph it is difficult to find the start and end humans think in graphs but communicate linearly edejong the linearity of text is a feature that is mostly preserved in programming we don t literally read one giant 1d line of symbols of course it s broken into lines and there are special structures for loops but the general movement is vertically downwards 1 5 dimensions is a nice description when you write text based code you are also restricted to 2 dimensions but it s really more like 1 5 because there is a heavy directionality bias that s like a waterfall down and across i cannot copy pictures or diagrams into a text document i cannot draw arrows between comments to the relevant code i have to embed the comment within the code because of this dimensionality directionality constraint i cannot touch a variable wire while the program is running to inspect its value bmitc it s true that many visual environments give up this linearity and allow more general positioning in 2d space arbitrary placing of boxes and arrows in node based programming for example or the 2d grids in spreadsheets this has benefits and costs on the costs side linear structures are a good match to the sequential execution of program instructions they re also easy to navigate and search through top to bottom without getting lost in branching confusion developing tools like autoformatters is more straightforward we saw this come up in the earlier section on missing tooling on the benefits side 2d structures give you more of an expressive canvas for communicating the meaning of your program grouping similar items together for example or using shapes to distinguish between types of object in labview not only do i have a 2d surface for drawing my program i also get another 2d surface to create user interfaces for any function if i need in text languages you only have colors and syntax to distinguish datatypes in labview you also have shape these are all additional dimensions of information bmitc they can also help in remembering where things are one of the interesting things i found was that the 2 dimensional layout helped a lot in remembering where stuff was this was especially useful in larger programs dpwm and the match to sequential execution is less important if your target domain is also non sequential in some way if the program is completely non sequential visual tools which reflects the structure of the program are going to be much better than text for example if you are designing a electronic circuit you draw a circuit diagram describing a electronic circuit purely in text is not going to be very helpful nacc small discrete set of symbols written text is a visual medium it works because there is a finite alphabet of characters that can be combined into millions of words any other visual language needs a similar structure of primitives to be unambiguously interpreted c2the3rd this is a particularly important point that was brought up by several commenters in different threads text is built up from a small number of distinguishable characters text based programming languages add even more structure restricting to a constrained set of keywords that can only be combined in predefined ways this removes ambiguity in what the program is supposed to do the computer is much stupider than a human and ultimately needs everything to be completely specified as a sequence of discrete primitive actions at the opposite end of the spectrum is say an oil painting which is also a visual medium but much more of an unconstrained freeform one where brushstrokes can swirl in any arbitrary pattern this freedom is useful in artistic fields where rich ambiguous associative meaning is the whole point but becomes a nuisance in technical contexts so different parts of the spectrum are used for different things because each method has its pros and cons it s a difference of generality and specificity consider this list as a ranking 0 and 1 alphabet chinese picture all 4 methods can be useful in some cases chinese has tens of thousands of characters some people consider the language close to pictures but real pictures have more than that infinite variants chinese is harder to parse than alphabet and picture is harder than chinese imagine a compiler than can understand arbitrary picture c_shu visual programs are still generally closer to the text based program end of the spectrum than the oil painting one in a node based programming language for example there might be a finite set of types of boxes and defined rules on how to connect them up there may be somewhat more freedom than normal text with the ability to place boxes anywhere on a 2d canvas but it s still a long way from being able to slap any old brushstroke down one commenter compared this to diagrammatic notation in category theory category theorists deliberately use only a tiny restricted set of the possibilities of drawing diagrams if you try to get a visual artist or designer interested in the diagrams in a category theory book they are almost certain to tell you that nothing visual worth mentioning is happening in those figures visual culture is distinguished by its richness on expressive dimensions that text and category theory diagrams just don t have theoh drag n drop editors are a bit further towards the freeform end of the spectrum allowing ui elements to be resized continuously to arbitrary sizes but there are still constraints maybe your widgets have to be rectangles for example rather than any old hand drawn shape and as discussed in earlier sections there s a tension between visual specificity and dynamic programming of many potential visual states at once drag n drop editors arguably lose a lot of the features of true languages by giving up structure and more programmatic elements are likely to still use a constrained set of primitives finally there was an insightful comment questioning how successful these constrained visual languages are compared to text i am not aware of a constrained pictorial formalism that is both general and expressive enough to do the job of a programming language directed graphs may be general enough but are not expressive enough when extended to fix this they lose the generality there are some hybrids that are pretty useful in their areas of applicability such as state transition networks dataflow models and petri nets note that these three examples are all annotated directed graphs mannykannot this could be a whole blog post topic in itself and i may return to it in a follow up post dutilh novaes makes similar points in her discussion of tractability vs expressiveness in formal logic too much to go into here but i do think this is important grab bag of other interesting points this section is exactly what it says interesting points that didn t fit into any of the categories above allowing syntax errors this is a surprising one i wouldn t have thought of but it came up several times and makes a lot of sense on reflection a lot of visual programming tools are too good at preventing syntax errors temporary errors can actually be really useful for refactoring this is also one of the beauties of text programming it allows temporary syntax errors while restructuring things i ve used many visual tools where every block you laid out had to be properly connected so in order to refactor it you had to make dummy blocks as input and output and all other kinds of crap adding or removing arguments and return values of functions blocks is guaranteed to give you rsi from excessive mousing too i don t quite understand why this is so common in visual tools specifically but it may be to do with the underlying representation one comment pointed out that this was a more general problem with any kind of language based on an abstract syntax tree that has to be correct at every point for my money the reason for this is that a human editing code needs to write something invalid on your way from valid program a to valid program b you will temporarily write invalid jumble of bytes x if your editor tries to prevent you writing invalid jumbles of bytes you will be fighting it constantly the only languages with widely used ast based editing is the lisp family with paredit they get away with this because lisp syntax is so low level that it doesn t constrain your invalid intermediate states much ie you can still write a let or cond with the wrong number of arguments while you re thinking paredit modes always have an escape hatch for editing text directly eg you can usually highlight and delete an unbalanced parenthesis you don t need it often see 1 but when you need it you really need it meredydd maybe this is more common as a way to build a visual language hybrids take what we all see at the end of whiteboard sessions we see diagrams composed of text and icons that represent a broad swath of conceptual meaning there is no reason why we can t work in the same way with programming languages and computer bmitc another recurring theme was a wish for hybrid tools that combined the good parts of visual and text based tools one example that came up in the information density section was doing maths in a textual format in an otherwise visual tool which seems to work quite well ue4 blueprints are visual programming and are done very well for a lot of things they work are excellent everything has a very fine structure to it you can drag off pins and get context aware options etc you can also have sub functions that are their own graph so it is cleanly separated i really like them and use them for a lot of things the issue is that when you get into complex logic and number crunching it quickly becomes unwieldy it is much easier to represent logic or mathematics in a flat textual format especially if you are working in something like k a single keystroke contains much more information than having to click around on options create blocks and connect the blocks even in a well designed interface tools have specific purposes and strengths use the right tool for the right job some kind of hybrid approach works in a lot of use cases sometimes visual scripting is great as an embedded dsl and sometimes you just need all of the great benefits of high bandwidth keyboard text entry mgreenleaf even current text based environments have some hybrid aspect as most ides support syntax highlighting autocompletion code folding etc to get some of the advantages of visualisation visualising the wrong thing the last comment i ll quote is sort of ranty but makes a deep point most current visual tools only visualise the kind of things control flow types that are already displayed on the screen in a text based language it s a different representation of fundamentally the same thing but the visualisations we actually want may be very different and more to do with what the program does than what it looks like on the screen visual programming failed and continues to fail simply because it is a lie just because you surround my textual code with boxes and draw arrows showing the flow of execution does not make it visual this core misunderstanding is why all these visual tools suck and don t help anyone do anything practical read practical complex systems when i write code for example a layout algorithm for a set of gui elements i visually see the data in my head the gui elements then i run the algorithm and see the elements move into position dependent upon their dock anchor margin properties also taking into account previously docked elements positions parent element resize delta etc this is the visual i need to see on screen i need to see my real data being manipulated by my algorithms and moving from a to b i expect with this kind of animation i could easily see when things go wrong naturally seeing as visual processing happens with no conscious effort instead visual programming thinks i want to see the textual properties of my objects in memory in fancy coloured boxes which is not the case at all hacker_9 i m not going to try and comment seriously on this as there s almost too much to say it points toward to a large number of potential tools and visual paradigms many of which are speculative or experimental but it s useful to end here as a reminder that the scope of visual programming is not just some boxes with arrows with between final thoughts this post is long enough already so i ll keep this short i collected all these quotes as a sort of exploratory project with no very clear aim in mind and i m not yet sure what i m going to do with it i probably want to write at least one follow up post making links back to the dutilh novaes and ong books on text as a technology other than that here are a few early ideas that came to mind as i wrote it how much is visual programming a natural category i quickly discovered that commmenters had very different ideas of what visual programming meant some of these are at least partially in tension with each other for example drag n drop ui editors often allow near arbitrary placement of ui elements on the screen using an intuitive visual interface but are not necessarily very programmatic on the other hand node based editors allow complicated dynamic logic but are less visual reproducing a lot of the conventions of standard text based programming is there a finer grained classification that would be more useful than the generic visual programming label meaning vs fluency one of the most appealing features of visual tools is that they can make certain inherently visual actions much more intuitive a colour picker is a very simple example of this and proponents of visual programming are often motivated by making programming more understandable at the same time a language needs to be a fluent medium for writing code quickly at the fluent stage it s common to ignore the semantic meaning of what you re doing and rely on unthinkingly executing known patterns of symbol manipulation instead desigining for transparent meaning vs designing for fluency are not the same thing vim is a great example of a tool that is incomprehensible to beginners but excellent for fluent text manipulation it could be interesting to explore the tension between them missing tooling deep dives i m not personally all that interested in following this up it takes me some way from the text as technology angle i came in from but it seems like an obvious one to mention the miss...