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nical centre then works out the technical details for the functioning of each relay and issues to all of the services and telecommunication administrations concerned a synopsis of the technical arrangements the services then order the indicated facilities except when it is possible to make use of the several circuits already permanently at the disposal of the community studies and planning the foregoing indicates what might be termed the routine activities associated with eurovision however these international television relays do not take place entirely at hazard they are in most cases determined in advance by the planning group of the e b u programme committee whose meetings a representative of the technical centre attends furthermore the technical problems posed by the proper development of the eurovision network and by the specification and standardisation of their equipment has been entrusted to two technical working parties working parties l and m which work in close collaboration with the programme committee finally the eurovision transmissions themselves inevitably now and again give rise to legal questions which are dealt with by the e b u legal committee as already mentioned legal clearance of programmes it would be asking for trouble if eurovision programmes were not checked by a lawyer before they go on the air to ensure that statutory or contractual rights are not infringed either at the sending or the receiving end accordingly whenever programme offers have as their subject matter anything more than mere news flashes produced by people on the permanent staff of the organisation offering the broadcast they are vetted by the e b u legal department before being forwarded to the other members of the eurovision club this vetting presupposes a knowledge of the contracts on which the offer is based and of the law in force in the receiving countries on the part of the e b u legal department any offers where the legal position is at all doubtful are temporarily held up for further inquiries until it can be definitely said that neither the original broadcast nor the relay are in breach of the law it also happens quite often that the contracts that make a eurovision broadcast possible are negotiated by the e b u administrative and legal staff themselves or with their assistance this applies particularly to major sporting events festivals and the like where an international contract is needed from the outset especially as they may be held in a country where the e b u does not have a member one of the problems that are beginning to cause the e b u serious concern is that of the growing amount of advertising that is visible in the field of the cameras whenever it becomes known that an event is to be broadcast internationally while in many cases the advertising has been put up in the normal way long before the transmission many hoardings signs on the ground and other forms of publicity blossom out just as the cameramen start working a complex no advertising clause has had to be worked out and the administrative council has had to recommend that it be used widely in all contracts relating to eurovision transmission of sporting events whether held in enclosed premises or on the public highway the legal worries however do not end once the broadcast has been made there is always the danger that a broadcast may be commercially used by outsiders in contravention of the contracts e g by showing it on a cinema screen to an audience that has paid for admission by inserting all or part of it in a documentary or newsfilm or by otherwise distributing it to a paying clientele contractual precautions have had to be taken to guard against such misuse and in order to prevent acts of piracy by outsiders that have no contracts with organisations taking part in eurovision it has been necessary to secure the passage of laws and even specific international conventions to make this kind of immaterial theft an offence the eurovision programmes some figures the importance of the task of the c i c t and the other e b u departments concerned with international television relays may be judged from the fact that in 1961 679 television programmes were exchanged in the form of eurovision representing 606 hours of programme at the origin these programmes came from twenty nine television sendees notably 132 programmes offered by the radiodiffusion télévision française 111 by the radiotelevisione italiana 103 by the british broadcasting corporation 77 by the schweizerische rundspruch gesellschaft and 70 by the arbeitsgemeinschaft der rundfunkanstalten der bundesrepublik deutschland there were 3 528 participations in these relays representing globally 2 657 hours of programme the most frequent participators were the belgische radio en televisie 403 programmes the radiodiffusion télévision belge 387 the nederlandse televisie stichting 332 the arbeitsgemeinschaft 300 the radiodiffusion télévision française 284 the radiotelevisione italiana 251 the schweizerische rundspruch gesellschaft 222 and the british broadcasting corporation 198 it will be noted that in 1955 the first full year of eurovision activities there were relayed 115 hours of programme the programmes being relayed by nine television services of course all of the eurovision programmes are not relayed by all the services that constitute the community each service retains full liberty to accept or refuse the programmes that are offered on an average five or six of them participate in any given transmission the participation depends on the interest that the programme has for viewers in the countries in question and of course on the exigencies of the different programme structures and timetables however the introduction of television tape recording has eased matters a little in this respect the statistics given above are those for programmes offered for eurovision and therefore available to be relayed by all the members of the community these constitute in fact only a fraction of the live television relays taking place between members of the e b u very frequent exchanges are taking place between the services that use the same language especially in the field of dramatic and documentary pieces for example between western germany austria and german speaking switzerland between the netherlands and the flemish speaking part of belgium between france the rest of belgium the french speaking part of switzerland and luxembourg as well as between the scandinavian countries such relays total several hundreds of programmes per year but that is not all there is another type of transmissions that has to be taken into account the so called unilateral transmissions by this description is meant for example a programme transmitted from italy for the exclusive use of the b b c such a programme would be produced uniquely for british viewers would make use of the r a i s installations but without being broadcast in italy and would be routed over the eurovision network most probably for inclusion in a b b c actuality interview or commentary programme the various categories of relays illustrate the multiple aspects of eurovision types of eurovision programmes 6 june 1954 31 dec 1961 total number of eurovision programmes at point of origin 6 june 1954 31 dec 1961 european picture book what does eurovision in fact give the european viewer is its role appreciated for its every day offerings or for the occasional extremely complicated programmes this photograph of a television camera set up on the battlements of mont saint michel france will be no surprise for the thousands of viewers who thanks to eurovision watched the outside broadcast effected there by the r t f at christmas 1958 https ebu1962 transdiffusion net wp content uploads 2020 05 tedeum mp3 it can certainly be said that of all the developments achieved by european television since the war eurovision has been the most striking and the most popular whenever the eurovision symbol appears on the screen and the signature tune charpentier s te deum is heard the viewer knows that he is going to see something out of the ordinary and he accepts with pleasure the invitation that it implies to participate in the greater and the lesser events of the life of europe a royal wedding a princess s visit musical and sporting competitions religious ceremonies major political conferences the travels of statesmen and also disasters each has its place among these pictures for an immense audience apart from these different aspects of topicality there are the great musical events from aix en provence salzburg paris vienna münchen and elsewhere whereby the whole of europe shares the heritage of a common civilisation it is true that before the war sound broadcasting had already done much in this field but it had the disadvantage of lacking the visual presence that brings the attentive viewer certain details steeped in local colour eurovision has certainly contributed to the upsweep of television in europe and sales of receivers thanks to eurovision regularly rise suddenly just before the more important transmissions a glance at the statistics of eurovision programmes since 1954 see above will show that sport holds a large place corresponding to about 50 of the programmes transmitted sporting events lend themselves admirably to television because their instantaneity catches the attention of the viewer and because there is a natural tendency to follow the national teams news items which represented up till 1956 less than 10 of the programmes transmitted have since then risen steadily to attain in 1961 a figure of about 30 of the programmes there is no doubt that eurovision is destined to play an essential role in the field of visual information this is confirmed by the daily utilisation of the eurovision network for exchanges of news items between the television services the items are offered and transmitted over the network on the same day at a fixed time every day they are recorded by the receiving services for use in their evening news bulletins this function of rapidly sharing news items among members television services is very appropriate to the nature of television and could if properly planned become one of the most evident justifications of eurovision one might well be astonished that variety and drama only account for a very small percentage 5 10 of the programmes transmitted but eurovision lias certainly its linguistic limitations and the transmission of theatrical pieces suffers accordingly a televised play can be relayed only to countries having the same language and because of this several eurovision services have tackled the problem in a different fashion they have jointly commissioned a well known playwright to write an original play to be broadcast in the appropriate language for each country more or less simultaneously in each country the series is entitled the largest theatre in the world and the first of the plays heart to heart written for eurovision by terence rattigan is to be broadcast in december 1962 plays by diego fabbri georges simenon rené clair and others are scheduled for the future music and ballet because of their spectacular and universal appeal contribute to the popularity of certain programmes this is particularly the case of the eurovision song contest which is a kind of european popular song championship and which is every year a very popular event with viewers it is a competition between the composers of the sixteen eurovision countries in each of which a jury votes to select the winning song another popular annual programme in this category is the christmas carol programme which is an international event thanks to the children s choirs of several countries participating the final item consists of a carol in which each successive verse is sung in a different country less spectacular perhaps than the live programmes relayed over the eurovision network are the organised film exchanges between the eurovision television services the use of film has evident advantages over live transmission when the subject matter has no special topicality and can thus find and follow its own particular rhythm early on series of films on subjects such as the great rivers of europe and small towns were undertaken each participating service producing its own film and distributing copies to the other services receiving their films in exchange or for a purely symbolic fee later within the framework of two special series entitled international agricultural magazine and children s international magazine several members and associate members exchanged films devoted to agriculture and youth in exchange for one film contributed by it each member can receive twelve films on the subject from all parts of the world which enables each service to produce a filmed magazine programme according to its tastes and needs perspectives for the future towards a permanent network the increase in the number of television programme exchanges and particularly of short notice transmissions has led the members that participate in eurovision to consider whether it would not be more practical in the long run and probably more economic if the number of relays were sufficiently high to lease by the year for eurovision transmissions the more important circuits used for transmitting the vision and sound rather than to continue to pay for them by the minute this idea has been under study by a mixed committee of technical programme and legal experts which recommended the putting into effect of such a network in due course the first stage of the scheme comprising a network of sound and control circuits was put into effect on 1st january 1962 and it is being used both for eurovision traffic and also for relays between members sound broadcasting services the achievement of such a scheme presents numerous technical and financial problems and involves negotiations that are both laborious and complicated it has made it necessary to expand the technical equipment of the c i c t and to increase the staff so as to be able to man the centre up till midnight every day a later stage will comprise the leasing of a permanent vision network which would have immense advantages for eurovision intercontinental television in a shrinking world should eurovision become a shrunk entity instead of the notion of programme exchanges between countries the idea will soon be exchanges between parts of continents or between continents in 1961 programme exchanges between eurovision and intervision began that is to say between western and eastern europe it is now possible to broadcast in western europe programmes coming from eastern europe and vice versa nevertheless the most spectacular and most recent development is the link established between the members of the european television community and the american associate members by the satellite telstar on 23rd july 1962 this link enabled about 100 million viewers in europe and a...