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d flux induces the voltage in the secondary winding o f ct the secondary winding of ct is connected to the burden measuring instrument or protective relay if the secondary of ct is connected to the burden the alternating current starts flowing in the secondary winding of the transformer the current in the secondary creates opposing magnetic flux in the secondary winding that opposes the main flux created by the primary winding the net flux in the core is equal to the difference of primary and secondary flux the flux in the core remains within the rated flux rating of the core if the secondary is connected to burden 1 9 what happens when the secondary of ct is open circuited it is very clear that the net flux in the core is equal to flux due to primary current minus flux due to secondary current if ct is kept open circuited no current will flow in the secondary and consequently no secondary flux will set up in the core in absence of secondary current the net flux will be higher than the flux generated in the core when ct is connected to load the higher flux generates a higher voltage in the secondary if the secondary of ct is left open and as a result of higher secondary voltage the insulation of the secondary winding is apt to fail also this high voltage may cause electric shock to the person working in the feeder the magnitude of the secondary voltage with open secondary may be of kilovolts when ct of secondary is open the va is totally consumed in core heating as a core loss as per the law of energy conservation the energy balancing is always there the va consumed by ct is equal to the core loss of the ct when secondary is open circuited 2 0 why transformer is called constant flux machine assume primary applied voltage v1 primary induced emf e1 for secondary side v2 and e2 respectively at no load current i0 flows and flux φ0 is produced when loaded the current i2 flows in secondary and due to mmf n2i2 flux φ2 will be produced now this will oppose flux φ0 lenz law due to reduction in φ0 the induced emf e1 will also reduce now the difference between v1 constant applied voltage e g 230 vrms or any other voltage and e1 has increased so some extra current in primary will flow assume i1 which will produce some flux φ1 due to mmf n1i1 and which will counter balance the effect of φ2 unless and until φ1 φ2 and this will maintain the original flux φ0 going from no load to full load that is the reason why transformer is called a constant flux machine refer book for any further knowledge 21 what is the difference between the electric field magnetic field difference between electric field vs magnetic field electric field magnetic field it creates electric charge in surrounding creates electric charge around moving magnets measured as newton per coulomb volt per meter measured as gauss or tesla proportional for the electric charge proportional to speed of electric charge are perpendicular to the magnetic field are perpendicular to the electric field generates vars absorbs vars magnetic field is an exerted area around the magnetic force it is obtained by moving electric charges the direction of the magnetic field is indicated by lines while the electric fields are generated around the particles which obtains electric charge during this process positive charges are drawn while negative charges are repelled magnetic field around a wire i whenever current travels through a conductor a magnetic field is generated whenever current travels through a conductor a magnetic field is generated a fact famously stumbled upon by hans christian ørsted around 1820 depending on the shape of the conductor the contour of the magnetic field will vary if the conductor is a wire however the magnetic field always takes the form of concentric circles arranged at right angles to the wire the magnetic field is strongest in the area closest to the wire and its direction depends upon the direction of the current that produces the field as illustrated in this applet presented in the tutorial is a straight wire with a current flowing through it plus and minus signs indicate the poles of the battery not shown to which the wire is connected the conventional direction of current flow is indicated with a large black arrow as convention dictates the current flow opposes the actual direction of the electrons illustrated in yellow the magnetic field lines generated around the wire due to the presence of the current are depicted in blue to observe the direction of the field at any given point around the circumference of the wire click and drag the compass needle its north pole red its south pole blue the direction of the magnetic field around the wire is also indicated by the small arrows featured on the individual field lines click the reverse button to change the direction of the current flow and observe the effect this change exerts on the wire s magnetic field there is a simple method of determining the direction of the magnetic field generated around a current carrying wire commonly called the right hand rule according to this rule if the thumb of the right hand is pointed in the direction of the conventional current the direction that the rest of the fingers need to curl in order to make a fist or to wrap around the wire in question is the direction of the magnetic field define a magnetic field and explain how it is created a magnetic field describes a volume of space where there is a change in energy later you will see a simple way to detect a magnetic field with a compass as ampere suggested a magnetic field is produced whenever an electrical charge is in motion the spinning and orbiting of the nucleus of an atom produces a magnetic field as does electrical current flowing through a wire the direction of the spin and orbit determine the direction of the magnetic field the strength of this field is called the magnetic moment the motion of an electric charge producing a magnetic field is an essential concept in understanding magnetism the magnetic moment of an atom can be the result of the electron s spin which is the electron orbital motion and a change in the orbital motion of the electrons caused by an applied magnetic field 22 what is bil and how does it apply to transformers bil is an abbreviation for basic insulation level insulation levels in electrical equipment are characterized by the withstand voltages used during the impulse test impulse test is a dielectric test which consists of the application of a high frequency steep wave front voltage between windings and between windings and ground the bil of a transformer is a method used to specify the magnitude of the voltage surge that a transformer can tolerate without any damage to the windings and live parts of the transformer when lightning impulse over voltage appears in the system it is discharged through surge protecting device before the transformer gets damaged bil rating specifies the minimum voltage that transformer can withstand under this condition t he method of testing of the transformer for bil has been defined and set by ieee and ansi standards the wave shape has been also defined which is commonly known as 1 2 50 μs voltage wave the impulse wave shape shows the magnitude of the voltage in kv kilo volts rise time tf time that takes the voltage rise from zero to its peak value in μs micro seconds and duration of the surge t sometime referred as tail time time that takes the voltage drop to 50 of its peak value in μs micro seconds this test is done with the initial transformer design to validate the integrity of the insulation and its high frequencysurge withstand capability it is considered one of the design tests for any transformer and needs not to be repeated with every transformer manufactured however a quality control impulse test qc impulse test or production impulse test is offered as an optional test whenever required design impulse test consists of a reduced voltage 2 chopped wave and a full voltage impulse applied to the transformer voltage and current wave shapes are captured during the above tests for comparison any deviation from the reduced wave to full voltage wave shape should be studied in general they should be very close to each other any new bump in the full wave can be considered as a failure point based on the location of the bump an educated guess can be made as where the failure has occurred after subjecting the transformer to above voltage surge tests transformer should pass hi pot test at 60hz and double induced voltage test 400 hz during quality control impulse only full voltage surge is applied to all of the bushings or the terminals of the transformer before hi pot and double induced test is performed 23 design and selection criteria of ngr neutral grounding resistor the power transformer secondary 6 6kv neutral shall be medium resistance earthed in order to limit the 6 6kv system earth faults to low values such as to limit excessive damage to 6 6kv equipments also that the earth faults are not too low value to cause earth fault relay non operation system voltage 6 6kv system voltage per phase 6 6 3 vph 3810 6volts earth fault current i 50a for 5 sec ngr calculation is done on the basis of following formula vph i x r r vph i r 3810 6 50 resistance 76 21 ohms ngr selected is 6 6kv 50a 76 2ohms 5sec normally 50 a 24 can dol starter motor be used for vfd starting b asic differences in winding characteristics of a motor for vfd and dol the basic consideration is how close the variable frequency drive vfd output waveform approximates a true sinusoidal most modern vfds produce reasonable approximations if viewed from a macro perspective but when we zoom in to specific instances and pulses we see there is always some amount of voltage over undershoot occurring and vfds which contain an intermediate dc bus which is pretty much a given if the input and output are ac at different frequencies will often have what is called a common mode voltage this tends to elevate the neutral plane on the motor side by some amount resulting in additional stress on the motor winding insulation anything which distorts the waveform from a true sinusoid and a true neutral will negatively impact the insulation system through increased heating or voltage stress either way the motor system has to accommodate the vfd output so the system is designed differently for protection against harmonics injected by vfd the dielectric strength of the winding has to be strengthened this is done by using vpi treatment if the motor is wire wound mostly for up to 690 v design dual enamel coated winding wire is recommended for extra winding strength also note that due to impure supply i e harmonics from vfd additional heat losses are generated in winding and if the motor is to be operated near about 100 loading temp rise may cross limit of class b that is 120 deg c for this reason class h winding insulation is recommended for longer motor life for constant torque application also higher shaft voltage may incur due to vfd supply which can damage bearings which may also result into winding failure to prevent this insulated bearing at motor non drive end must be used for higher frame motors usually iec frame 315 and above in wire wound for strip wound motors for 3 3 kv onwards insulated non drive end shield is used instead of insulated bearing also if is it constant torque application and minimum motor speed on vfd supply is less than 50 of the rated speed better to go with forces cooling ic 416 ic 616 ic 666 ic 86w 25 what is 5p10 is a protection p class current transformer used in power system protection class ct s are used to sense the fault current under fault conditions these ct s output is then further fed to protection relay which in turn gives tripping command to the circuit breaker which ultimately cuts off the power supply in the system nb under fault condition the fault current is multiple times of nominal current in so it is very important for protection class ct s to not saturate under the fault condition this saturation of ct is depended upon alf accuracy limit factor alf is the ratio of the expected maximum fault current over the rated current now we will break down 5p10 letter by letter 5 is the accuracy or ratio error accuracy is specified by a percent ratio error p stands for protection class 10 is for accuracy limit factor alf what does this mean 5p10 means the maximum permissible limit of error accuracy limit is 5 at 10 times rated current accuracy limit factor ct will give ratio error of only 5 even if fault current reaches 10 times the nominal value in after that ct will start to saturate the accuracy of protection class ct is not very high but most important is that the accuracy in fault conditions is high enough to sense the fault share this https t me electricalfundas share on x opens in new window x share on facebook opens in new window facebook share on linkedin opens in new window linkedin share on reddit opens in new window reddit share on pinterest opens in new window pinterest share on telegram opens in new window telegram share on whatsapp opens in new window whatsapp email a link to a friend opens in new window email print opens in new window print share on tumblr opens in new window tumblr like loading oct 15 2021 october 18 2021 featured motor control centre mcc electrical training course we can learn mcc in few steps we will cover all aspects of motor control centre in this article step 1 need of motor control centre step 2 what is motor starters step 3 motor control centre s tep 4 installation testing commissioning step 5 references step 1 need of mcc mcc is panel which has ability to control number of motors in centre location it consists of many compartments sections having bsbars circuit breakers motor starters drives etc application industrial control pump control lift control etc step 2 motors starters a types of motors induction motor is vastly used in industries starters of induction motor introduction is seen in this course b need for starters in im the main problem in starting induction motors having large or medium size lies mainly in the requirement of high starting current when started direct on line dol assume that the distribution line is starting from a substation fig 33 1 where the supply voltage is constant the line feeds a no of consumers of which one consumer has an induction motor with a dol starter drawing a high current from the line which is higher than the current for which this line is designed this will cause a drop dip in the voltage all along the line both for the consumers between the substation and this consumer and those who are in the line after this consumer this drop in the voltage is more than the drop permitted i e higher than the limit as per iss because the current drawn is more than the current for which the line is designed only for the current lower the current for which the line is designed the drop in voltage is lower the limit ...