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view source for deterrence theory wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in view source for deterrence theory add languages article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file page information get shortened url switch to legacy parser in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide deterrence theory you do not have permission to edit this page for the following reason this ip address range has been globally blocked this does not affect your ability to read wikipedia pages most people who see this message have done nothing wrong some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong this block affects editing on all wikimedia wikis the ip address or range 5 135 0 0 16 has been globally blocked by jon kolbert for the following reason s open proxy webhost visit the faq if you are affected this block will expire on 04 29 8 january 2027 your current ip address is 5 135 42 194 even while globally blocked you will usually still be able to edit pages on meta wiki if you believe you were blocked by mistake you can find additional information and instructions in the stewards block wizard other useful links global blocks help i have been blocked you can view and copy the source of this page history world war ii during world war ii some historians have argued that deterrence prevented the western allies and axis from extensive and direct chemical warfare with each other as had been used in world war i nonetheless nazi germany used chemical weapons during the siege of sevastopol 1941 1942 siege of sevastopol siege of odessa and battle of the kerch peninsula while imperial japan frequently used chemical weapons against chinese troops citeneed date may 2025 conversely during the nuremberg trials hermann göring stated that initiating an exchange of chemical weapons during the operation overlord would have immobilized the wehrmacht which widely relied on horses in world war ii horse drawn transport and a suitable gas mask for horses had not been designed ref name d191 cite web last1 farley first1 robert last2 robertson first2 lori date 2017 04 12 title hitler and chemical weapons url https www factcheck org 2017 04 hitler chemical weapons access date 2025 05 08 website factcheck org ref cold war concept while the concept of deterrence precedes the cold war it was during the cold war that the concept evolved into a clearly articulated objective in strategic planning and diplomacy with considerable analysis by scholars ref cite journal last betts first richard k date 1991 title the concept of deterrence in the postwar era url https www tandfonline com doi abs 10 1080 09636419109347455 journal security studies language en volume 1 issue 1 pages 25 36 doi 10 1080 09636419109347455 issn 0963 6412 url access subscription ref most of the innovative work on deterrence theory occurred from the late 1940s to mid 1960s ref cite book last1 art first1 robert j url https books google com books id ez8xcgaaqbaj title the use of force military power and international politics last2 greenhill first2 kelly m date 2015 publisher rowman littlefield publishers isbn 978 1 4422 3306 5 page 3 language en access date 2021 08 28 archive url https web archive org web 20240224051621 https books google com books id ez8xcgaaqbaj archive date 2024 02 24 url status live ref historically scholarship on deterrence has tended to focus on nuclear deterrence ref cite book last shimshoni first jonathan url https www degruyter com document doi 10 7591 9781501737831 html title israel and conventional deterrence date 1988 publisher cornell university press isbn 978 1 5017 3783 1 page 1 language en doi 10 7591 9781501737831 access date 2021 09 06 archive url https web archive org web 20210906141205 https www degruyter com document doi 10 7591 9781501737831 html archive date 2021 09 06 url status live s2cid 243305936 ref since the end of the cold war there has been an extension of deterrence scholarship to areas that are not specifically about nuclear weapons ref name dom det nato was founded in 1949 with deterring aggression as one of its goals ref cite book last rynning first sten author1 link sten rynning title nl arms netherlands annual review of military studies 2020 date 2021 publisher t m c asser press isbn 978 94 6265 418 1 editor last osinga editor first frans location the hague pages 29 45 language en chapter deterrence rediscovered nato and russia doi 10 1007 978 94 6265 419 8_3 pmc 7711749 editor last2 sweijs editor first2 tim ref a distinction is sometimes made between nuclear deterrence and conventional deterrence ref cite journal last wirtz first james date 2018 title how does nuclear deterrence differ from conventional deterrence url https www airuniversity af edu portals 10 ssq documents volume 12_issue 4 wirtz pdf url status live journal strategic studies quarterly language en archive url https web archive org web 20211025174320 https www airuniversity af edu portals 10 ssq documents volume 12_issue 4 wirtz pdf archive date 2021 10 25 access date 2021 09 05 ref ref cite book last mueller first karl chapter the continuing relevance of conventional deterrence date 2021 title nl arms netherlands annual review of military studies 2020 deterrence in the 21st century insights from theory and practice pages 47 63 editor last osinga editor first frans series nl arms publisher t m c asser press language en doi 10 1007 978 94 6265 419 8_4 isbn 978 94 6265 419 8 editor2 last sweijs editor2 first tim doi access free ref ref cite journal last huntington first samuel p date 1983 title conventional deterrence and conventional retaliation in europe journal international security volume 8 issue 3 pages 32 56 doi 10 2307 2538699 issn 0162 2889 jstor 2538699 s2cid 154133787 ref ref cite journal last mearsheimer first john j date 1982 title why the soviets can t win quickly in central europe journal international security volume 7 issue 1 pages 3 39 doi 10 2307 2538686 issn 0162 2889 jstor 2538686 s2cid 154732192 ref the two most prominent deterrent strategies are denial denying the attacker the benefits of attack and punishment inflicting costs on the attacker ref name act den the lesson of munich where appeasement failed has contributed to deterrence theory in the words of scholars fredrik logevall and kenneth osgood munich and appeasement have become among the dirtiest words in politics of the united states american politics synonymous with naivete and weakness and signifying a craven willingness to barter away the nation s vital interests for empty promises they claimed that the success of foreign policy of the united states u s foreign policy often depends upon a president withstanding the inevitable charges of appeasement that accompany any decision to negotiate with hostile powers ref name logevall cite journal last1 logevall first1 fredrik last2 osgood first2 kenneth year 2010 title the ghost of munich america s appeasement complex journal world affairs volume 173 issue 2 pages 13 26 jstor 27870285 ref examples in november 1945 general curtis lemay who led american air raids on japan during world war ii said in a speech to the ohio society of new york that since the bomber will always get through no air attack once it is launched can be completely stopped his country needed an air force that could immediately retaliate if we are prepared it may never come it is not immediately conceivable that any nation will dare to attack us if we are prepared ref name rhodes19950611 cite magazine last rhodes first richard date 1995 06 11 title the general and world war iii url https www newyorker com magazine 1995 06 19 the general and world war iii url status live archive url https web archive org web 20191212110359 https www newyorker com magazine 1995 06 19 the general and world war iii archive date 2019 12 12 access date 2023 11 30 magazine the new yorker language en us issn 0028 792x ref in pursuit of nuclear deterrence the superpowers of the ussr and u s engaged in a nuclear arms race warheads themselves evolved from fission weapon s to thermonuclear weapons and were extensively miniaturized for both strategic nuclear weapon strategic and tactical nuclear weapon tactical use ref cite journal last baizidi first rahim date 2024 08 22 title internationalization of iran s deterrence in the middle east eurasia and south asia url https jcep ut ac ir article_98202_en html journal central eurasia studies language en volume 17 issue 1 pages 53 81 doi 10 22059 jcep 2024 364228 450162 issn 2008 0867 ref nuclear weapons delivery was equally important such as the perceived bomber gap and missile gap deterrence was a primary factor in the ultimate nuclear proliferation proliferation of nuclear weapons to ten nations in total generally this was the form of the threat perceived from a nearby recently nuclear armed neighbor in the case of the nuclear programs of nuclear weapons of israel israel and south africa and weapons of mass destruction south africa deterrence was against the threat of conventional attack citeneed date may 2025 additionally chemical weapons were a component of deterrence for both sides of the cold war and large stockpiles were maintained until their destruction began following the 1993 chemical weapons convention offensive biological weapons programs were pursued by both countries in the first two decades of the cold war but the united states program was statement on chemical and biological defense policies and programs ended by president richard nixon in 1969 citeneed date may 2025 return to deterrence theory retrieved from https en wikipedia org wiki deterrence_theory privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search view source for deterrence theory add languages add topic