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locks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong this block affects editing on all wikimedia wikis the ip address or range 5 135 0 0 16 has been globally blocked by jon kolbert for the following reason s open proxy webhost visit the faq if you are affected this block will expire on 04 29 8 january 2027 your current ip address is 5 135 42 194 even while globally blocked you will usually still be able to edit pages on meta wiki if you believe you were blocked by mistake you can find additional information and instructions in the stewards block wizard other useful links global blocks help i have been blocked you can view and copy the source of this page vertebrates vertebrate s share key elements of their reproductive systems they all have gamete producing organs known as gonad s in females these gonads are then connected by oviduct s to an external opening typically the cloaca or vagina ref cite book last linzey first donald w url https www google com books edition vertebrate_biology sor4dwaaqbaj hl en gbpv 1 pg pa305 printsec frontcover title vertebrate biology systematics taxonomy natural history and conservation date 2020 08 04 publisher jhu press isbn 978 1 4214 3734 7 language en ref humans main human reproductive system human reproduction involves internal fertilization during sexual intercourse semen is ejaculation ejaculated from the male s erect penis into the female s vagina the male s sperm travel through the vagina and cervix into the uterus or fallopian tube s to fertilize the ovum after human fertilization fertilization and implantation gestation of the fetus occurs in the uterus for about nine months known as pregnancy pregnancy ends with childbirth when uterine muscle s contract the cervical dilation cervix dilates and the baby exits through the vagina human babies need prolonged parental care including lactation from female mammary gland s in the breast s ref http users rcn com jkimball ma ultranet biologypages s sexual_reproduction html sexual reproduction in humans webarchive url https web archive org web 20180217125604 http users rcn com jkimball ma ultranet biologypages s sexual_reproduction html date 2018 02 17 2006 john w kimball kimball s biology pages and online textbook ref the female reproductive system has two functions the first is to produce egg cells and the second is to protect and nourish the offspring until birth the male reproductive system has one function and it is to produce and deposit sperm humans have a high level of sexual differentiation in humans sexual differentiation in addition to differences in nearly every reproductive organ numerous differences typically occur in secondary sexual characteristic s male main male reproductive system the male reproductive system is a series of organs located outside of the body and around the pelvic region of a male that contribute towards the reproduction process the primary direct function of the male reproductive system is to provide the male sperm for fertilization of the ovum the major reproductive organs of the male can be grouped into three categories the first category is sperm production and storage production takes place in the testicle s which are housed in the temperature regulating scrotum immature sperm then travel to the epididymis epididymides for development and storage the second category is the ejaculatory fluid producing glands which include the seminal vesicles prostate and the vas deferens vasa deferentia the final category are those used for copulation and deposition of the spermatozoa sperm within the male these include the human penis penis urethra male urethra vas deferens and cowper s gland major secondary sex characteristics include larger more muscular stature deepened voice facial hair facial and body hair broad shoulders and development of an adam s apple an important sexual hormone of males is androgen and particularly testosterone the testes release a hormone that controls the development of sperm this hormone is also responsible for the development of physical characteristics in men such as facial hair and a deep voice female main female reproductive system the human female reproductive system is a series of organs primarily located inside of the body and around the pelvis pelvic region of a female that contribute towards the human reproduction reproductive process the human female reproductive system contains three main parts the vulva which leads to the vagina the vaginal opening to the uterus the uterus which holds the developing fetus and the ovary ovaries which produce the female s ova the breast s are involved during the parenting stage of reproduction but in most classifications they are not considered to be part of the female reproductive system the vagina meets the outside at the vulva which also includes the labia genitalia labia clitoris and urethra female urethra during intercourse this area is lubricated by mucus secreted by the bartholin s glands the vagina is attached to the uterus through the cervix while the uterus is attached to the ovaries via the fallopian tubes each ovary contains hundreds of ova singular ovum approximately menstrual cycle every 28 days the pituitary gland releases a hormone that stimulates some of the ova to develop and grow one ovum is released and it passes through the fallopian tube into the uterus hormones produced by the ovaries prepare the uterus to receive the ovum the ovum will move through her fallopian tubes and awaits the sperm for fertilization to occur when this does not occur i e no sperm for fertilization the lining of the uterus called the endometrium and unfertilized ova are shed each cycle through the process of menstruation if the ovum is fertilized by sperm it will attach to the endometrium and embryonic development will begin other mammals main mammalian reproductive system file joey in pouch jpg thumb a newborn joey marsupial joey suckles from a teat found within its mother s pouch marsupial pouch file didactic model of a mammal urogenital system fmvz usp 17 jpeg thumb educational toy didactic model of a mammal urogenital system most mammal reproductive systems are similar however there are some notable differences between the non human mammals and humans for instance most male mammals have mammal penis a penis which is penile sheath stored internally until erect and most have a penis bone or baculum ref schultz nicholas g et al https academic oup com icb article 56 4 644 2198249 the baculum was gained and lost multiple times during mammalian evolution integrative and comparative biology 56 4 2016 644 656 ref additionally both males and females of most species do not remain continually sexually fertile as humans do and the females of most mammalian species don t grow permanent mammaries like human females do either like humans most groups of mammals have descended testicles found within a scrotum however others have descended testicles that rest on the ventral body wall and a few groups of mammals such as elephants have undescended testicles found deep within their body cavities near their mammalian kidney kidney s ref cite journal vauthors werdelin l nilsonne a title the evolution of the scrotum and testicular descent in mammals a phylogenetic view journal j theor biol volume 196 issue 1 pages 61 72 date january 1999 pmid 9892556 doi 10 1006 jtbi 1998 0821 bibcode 1999jthbi 196 61w ref the marsupial reproductive system reproductive system of marsupial s is unique in that the female has two vaginae both of which open externally through one orifice but lead to different compartments within the uterus males usually have a marsupial penis two pronged penis which corresponds to the females two vaginae ref name tyndale biscoe2005 cite book author c hugh tyndale biscoe author link cecil hugh tyndale biscoe title life of marsupials url https books google com books id kqtlpzj9y8ec year 2005 publisher csiro publishing isbn 978 0 643 06257 3 ref ref name hunsaker2012 cite book author don ii hunsaker title the biology of marsupials url https books google com books id cesclrrjgm0c date 2 december 2012 publisher elsevier science isbn 978 0 323 14620 3 ref marsupials typically develop their offspring in an external pouch marsupial pouch containing teat s to which their newborn young joey marsupial joey s attach themselves for post uterine development also marsupials have a unique prepenial scrotum ref cite book author1 renfree marilyn author2 tyndale biscoe c h title reproductive physiology of marsupials publisher cambridge university press location cambridge uk year 1987 isbn 0 521 33792 5 url https books google com books id hpjovn0vxw4c q marsupial scrotum pg pa129 ref the cvt 15 mm in frac 8 long newborn joey instinctively crawls and wriggles the cvt 15 cm in frac 2 while clinging to fur on the way to its mother s pouch in regards to males the mammalian penis has a similar structure in reptiles and a small percentage of birds while the scrotum is only present in mammals regarding females the vulva is unique to mammals with no homologue in birds reptiles amphibians or fish ref cite book last trefil first james title the encyclopedia of science and technology publisher taylor francis year 2001 page 276 access date november 10 2023 isbn 978 1 13675 363 3 url https books google com books id nsbadwaaqbaj pg pa276 ref ref cite book last1 armstrong first1 david m last2 fitzgerald first2 james p last3 meaney first3 carron a title mammals of colorado second edition publisher university press of colorado year 2011 page 37 access date november 10 2023 isbn 978 1 60732 048 7 url https books google com books id s4hgcwaaqbaj pg pa37 ref ref cite book last1 cobaugh first1 aaron m last2 stoner first2 john b last3 irwin first3 mark d title zookeeping an introduction to the science and technology publisher university of chicago press year 2013 pages 124 125 access date november 10 2023 isbn 978 0 22692 532 5 url https books google com books id q7tbagaaqbaj pg pa126 ref the clitoris however can be found in some reptiles and birds ref name kotpal harvnb kotpal 2010 p 394 ref in place of the uterus and vagina non mammal vertebrate groups have an unmodified oviduct leading directly to a cloaca which is a shared exit hole for gametes urine and feces monotremes i e platypus and echidna s a group of egg laying mammals also lack a uterus vagina and vulva and in that respect have a reproductive system resembling that of a reptile dogs main canine reproduction in domestic canines sexual maturity puberty occurs between the ages of 6 and 12 months for both males and females although this can be delayed until up to two years of age for some large breeds horses main equine anatomy reproductive system the mare s reproductive system is responsible for controlling gestation birth and lactation as well as her estrous cycle and mating behavior the stallion s reproductive system is responsible for his sexual behavior and secondary sex characteristics such as a large crest even toed ungulates excerpt even toed ungulate genitourinary system birds main bird anatomy reproductive system male and female birds have a cloaca an opening through which eggs sperm and wastes pass intercourse is performed by pressing the lips of the cloacae together which is sometimes known as an intromittent organ which is known as a phallus that is analogous to the mammal penis mammals penis the female lays amniote amniotic eggs in which the young fetus continues to develop after it leaves the female s body unlike most vertebrates female birds typically have only one functional ovary and oviduct ref ritchison bio 554 754 ornithology eastern kentucky university ref as a group birds like mammals are noted for their high level of parental care reptiles main reptiles reproduction reptiles are almost all sexual dimorphism sexually dimorphic and exhibit internal fertilization through the cloaca some reptiles lay egg biology egg s while others are ovoviviparous animals that deliver live young reproductive organs are found within the cloaca of reptiles most male reptiles have copulatory organs which are usually retracted or inverted and stored inside the body in turtles and crocodilians the male has a single median penis like organ while male snakes and lizards each possess a hemipenis pair of penis like organs file frog in frogspawn jpg thumb right a male common frog in nuptial colors waiting for more females to come in a mass of spawn biology spawn amphibians main amphibian reproduction most amphibian s exhibit external fertilization of eggs typically within the water though some amphibians such as caecilian s have internal fertilization ref cite book last grzimek first b year 1974 title grzimek s animal life encyclopedia volume 5 fishes ii amphibians location new york publisher van nostrand reihnhold co asin b000hhfy52 pages 301 302 ref all have paired internal gonads connected by ducts to the cloaca fish main fish reproduction fish exhibit a wide range of different reproductive strategies most fish however are oviparous and exhibit external fertilization in this process females use their cloaca to release large quantities of their gametes called spawn biology spawn into the water and one or more males release milt a white fluid containing many sperm over the unfertilized eggs other species of fish are oviparous and have internal fertilization aided by pelvic or anal fin s that are modified into an intromittent organ analogous to the human penis ref http www lookd com fish reproduction html fish reproduction ref a small portion of fish species are either viviparous or ovoviviparous and are collectively known as livebearer s ref http www advancedaquarist com issues june2002 breeder htm science biology and terminology of fish reproduction reproductive modes and strategies part 1 webarchive url https web archive org web 20071108130733 http www advancedaquarist com issues june2002 breeder htm date 2007 11 08 2002 martin moe the breeder s net online magazine ref fish gonads are typically pairs of either ovaries or testicles most fish are sexually dimorphic but some species are hermaphrodite hermaphroditic or unisexual ref http www buschgardens org infobooks bonyfish reproduction html bony fish reproduction webarchive url https web archive org web 20070927223601 http www buschgardens org infobooks bonyfish reproduction html date 2007 09 27 2002 seaworld busch gardens animal information database ref return to reproductive system retrieved from https en wikipedia org wiki reproductive_system privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search view source for 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