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Text of the page (random words):
ty six and lang fr 24 heures du mans as if spelled vingt quatre french for twenty four when numerals or other symbols are used as special graphical forms of letters as in 1337 for leet or se7en for the movie title seven 1995 film seven they may be sorted as if they were those letters languages have different conventions for treating modified letter s and certain letter combinations for example in spanish language spanish the letter ñ is treated as a basic letter following n and the digraph orthography digraphs ch and ll were formerly until 1994 treated as basic letters following c and l although they are now alphabetized as two letter combinations a list of such conventions for various languages can be found at slink alphabetical order language specific conventions in several languages the rules have changed over time and so older dictionaries may use a different order than modern ones furthermore collation may depend on use for example german dictionary dictionaries and telephone directory telephone directories use different approaches root sorting some arabic dictionaries such as hans wehr s bilingual a dictionary of modern written arabic group and sort arabic words by semitic root ref cite journal last abu haidar first j a date 1983 title review of a dictionary of modern written arabic arabic english journal bulletin of the school of oriental and african studies university of london volume 46 issue 2 pages 351 353 doi 10 1017 s0041977x00079040 jstor 615409 issn 0041 977x ref for example the words kitāba lang ar كتابة writing kitāb lang ar كتاب book kātib lang ar كاتب writer maktaba lang ar مكتبة library maktab lang ar مكتب office maktūb lang ar مكتوب fate or written are agglomerated under the triliteral root triliteral root kaph k taw t bet letter b lang ar ك ت ب which denotes writing ref cite web title hans wehr arabic english dictionary url https ejtaal net aa hw4 964 ll 2684 ls 20 la 3816 sg 892 ha 654 br 820 pr 132 aan 557 mgf 747 vi 320 kz 2260 mr 579 mn 1187 uqw 1387 umr 925 ums 778 umj 701 ulq 1470 uqa 367 uqq 328 bdw h751 amr h545 asb h840 auh h1358 dhq h479 mht h774 msb h207 tla h88 amj h692 ens h433 mis h1867 access date 2023 06 04 website ejtaal net ref radical and stroke sorting see also chinese characters chinese character orders another form of collation is radical and stroke sorting used for non alphabetic writing systems such as the hanzi of chinese language chinese and the kanji of japanese language japanese whose thousands of symbols defy ordering by convention in this system common components of characters are identified these are called radical chinese character radicals in chinese and logographic systems derived from chinese characters are then grouped by their primary radical then ordered by number of pen strokes within radicals when there is no obvious radical or more than one radical convention governs which is used for collation for example the chinese character 妈 meaning mother is sorted as a six stroke character under the three stroke primary radical 女 meaning woman the radical and stroke system is cumbersome compared to an alphabetical system in which there are a few characters all unambiguous the choice of which components of a logograph comprise separate radicals and which radical is primary is not clear cut as a result logographic languages often supplement radical and stroke ordering with alphabetic sorting of a phonetic conversion of the logographs for example the kanji word tōkyō 東京 can be sorted as if it were spelled out in the japanese characters of the hiragana syllabary as to u ki sub yo sub u とうきょう using the conventional sorting order for these characters ref cite web title marugoto starter a1 rikai vocabulary index url https marugoto jpf go jp assets docs download starter_c marugotostartercompetencesvocabularyindex_en pdf publisher the japan foundation access date 2026 09 12 ref in addition chinese characters can also be sorted by stroke based sorting in greater china surname stroke order ing is a convention in some official documents where people s names are listed without hierarchy automation when information is stored in digital systems collation may become an automated process it is then necessary to implement an appropriate collation algorithm that allows the information to be sorted in a satisfactory manner for the application in question often the aim will be to achieve an alphabetical or numerical ordering that follows the standard criteria as described in the preceding sections however not all of these criteria are easy to automate ref name walters https books google com books id 5pd_ifm4elsc dq 22collation algorithms 22 pg pa278 m programming a comprehensive guide richard f walters digital press 1997 ref the simplest kind of automated collation is based on the numerical codes of the symbols in a character set such as ascii coding or any of its superset s such as unicode with the symbols being ordered in increasing numerical order of their codes and this ordering being extended to strings in accordance with the basic principles of alphabetical ordering mathematically speaking lexicographical order ing so a computer program might treat the characters a b c d and as being ordered c a b d the corresponding ascii codes are 36 a 97 b 98 c 67 and d 100 therefore strings beginning with c m or z would be sorted before strings with lower case a b etc this is sometimes called asciibetical order this deviates from the standard alphabetical order particularly due to the ordering of capital letters before all lower case ones and possibly the treatment of spaces and other non letter characters it is therefore often applied with certain alterations the most obvious being case conversion often to uppercase for historical reasons ref group note historically computers only handled text in uppercase this dates back to telegraph conventions ref before comparison of ascii values in many collation algorithms the comparison is based not on the numerical codes of the characters but with reference to the collating sequence a sequence in which the characters are assumed to come for the purpose of collation as well as other ordering rules appropriate to the given application this can serve to apply the correct conventions used for alphabetical ordering in the language in question dealing properly with differently cased letters modified letter s digraph orthography digraphs particular abbreviations and so on as mentioned above under alphabetical alphabetical order and in detail in the alphabetical order article such algorithms are potentially quite complex possibly requiring several passes through the text ref name walters problems are nonetheless still common when the algorithm has to encompass more than one language for example in german language german dictionaries the word ökonomisch comes between offenbar and olfaktorisch while turkish language turkish dictionaries treat o and ö as different letters placing oyun before öbür a standard algorithm for collating any collection of strings composed of any standard unicode symbols is the unicode collation algorithm this can be adapted to use the appropriate collation sequence for a given language by tailoring its default collation table several such tailorings are collected in common locale data repository sort keys in some applications the strings by which items are collated may differ from the identifiers that are displayed for example the shining might be sorting sorted as shining the see alphabetical order alphabetical order above but it may still be desired to display it as the shining in this case two sets of strings can be stored one for display purposes and another for collation purposes strings used for collation in this way are called sort keys issues with numbers sometimes it is desired to order text with embedded numbers using proper numerical order for example figure 7b goes before figure 11a even though 7 comes after 1 in unicode this can be extended to roman numeral s this behavior is not particularly difficult to produce as long as only integers are to be sorted although it can slow down sorting significantly for example microsoft windows does this when sorting file name s the underlying sort order is called natural sort order sorting decimals properly is a bit more difficult because different locales use different symbols for a decimal separator decimal point and sometimes the same character used as a decimal mark decimal point is also used as a separator for example section 3 2 5 there is no universal answer for how to sort such strings any rules are application dependent labeling of ordered items in some contexts numbers and letters are used not so much as a basis for establishing an ordering but as a means of labeling items that are already ordered for example pages sections chapters and the like as well as the items of lists are frequently numbered in this way labeling series that may be used include ordinary arabic numerals 1 2 3 roman numerals i ii iii or i ii iii or letters a b c or a b c an alternative method for indicating list items without numbering them is to use a bulleted list when letters of an alphabet are used for this purpose of enumeration there are certain language specific conventions as to which letters are used for example the russian alphabet russian letters ъ and ь which in writing are only used for modifying the preceding consonant and usually also ы й and ё are omitted also in many languages that use extended latin script the modified letter s are often not used in enumeration see also alphabetical order ascii order asciibetical order chinese character orders sorting taxonomic sequence mac and mc together unicode equivalence natural sort order notes reflist group note references reflist external links wiktionary collation alphabetization https www unicode org unicode reports tr10 unicode collation algorithm unicode technical standard 10 http spanish about com library weekly aa092099 htm letters collation in spanish webarchive url https web archive org web 20060813160026 http spanish about com library weekly aa092099 htm letters date 2006 08 13 https www un org overview unmember html collation of the names of the member states of the united nations webarchive url https web archive org web 20050830181357 https www un org overview unmember html date august 30 2005 http www w3 org tr css3 lists typographical collation for many languages as proposed in the list module of cascading style sheet s https web archive org web 20110520132147 http www collation charts org collation charts charts demonstrating language specific sorting orders in various operating systems and dbms http demo icu project org icu bin locexp _ en_us x col icu locale explorer an online demonstration of sorting in different languages that uses the unicode collation algorithm with international components for unicode webarchive url https web archive org web 20080511185729 http demo icu project org icu bin locexp _ en_us x col date 2008 05 11 category collation pages transcluded onto the current version of this page help template about view source template editor protected template ambox view source template editor protected template cite journal view source fully protected template cite web view source fully protected template find sources mainspace view source template editor protected template hatnote view source template editor protected template lang view source template editor protected template main view source template editor protected template main article view source template editor protected template main other view source fully protected template more citations needed view source template editor protected template pagetype view source fully protected template plainlist styles css view source fully protected template refimprove view source template editor protected template reflist view source fully protected template reflist styles css view source fully protected template sdcat view source fully protected template section link view source template editor protected template see also view source template editor protected template self reference view source template editor protected template selfref view source semi protected template short description view source fully protected template short description lowercasecheck view source fully protected template side box view source template editor protected template sister project view source template editor protected template sister project styles css view source template editor protected template slink view source template editor protected template webarchive view source template editor protected template wiktionary view source template editor protected module about view source template editor protected module arguments view source fully protected module category handler view source fully protected module category handler blacklist view source fully protected module category handler config view source fully protected module category handler data view source fully protected module category handler shared view source fully protected module check for unknown parameters view source fully protected module citation cs1 view source fully protected module citation cs1 coins view source fully protected module citation cs1 configuration view source fully protected module citation cs1 date validation view source fully protected module citation cs1 identifiers view source fully protected module citation cs1 utilities view source fully protected module citation cs1 whitelist view source fully protected module citation cs1 styles css view source fully protected module disambiguation templates view source fully protected module exponential search view source template editor protected module find sources view source template editor protected module find sources config view source template editor protected module find sources links view source template editor protected module find sources templates find sources mainspace view source template editor protected module format link view source template editor protected module hatnote view source template editor protected module hatnote styles css view source template editor protected module hatnote list view source template editor protected module labelled list hatnote view source template editor protected module lang view source template editor protected module lang iso 639 synonyms view source template editor protected module lang configuration view source template editor protected module lang data view source template editor protected module lang data iana languages view source template editor protected module lang data iana regions view source template editor protected module lang data iana scripts view source template editor protected module lang data iana suppressed scripts view source template editor protected module lang data iana variants view source template editor protected module lang data is latn data view 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