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9 transformed this evolving neighborhood back into the squalid seedy neighborhood it was before the war and even made it worse ref anbinder p 346 ref the slums were viewed as a problem by people before the publication of how the other half lives some political reformers believed that a wider distribution of wealth would fix the problem while the united states socialist party socialists believed that public ownership and a redistribution of wealth would fix the problem ref riis 2010 p 358 ref national organizations such as the american red cross the national conference of charities and correction and the woman s christian temperance union women s christian temperance union were involved in different aspects of the slum problem but these efforts were local in scope instead of national ref riis 2010 p 359 ref tenements file jacob riis lodgers in a crowded bayard street tenement jpg thumb lodgers in bayard street tenement five cents a spot 1888 by 1865 a total of 15 309 tenement s existed in new york city and the city s population was approaching 1 000 000 ref plunz p 11 ref it was colloquially known to be a housing type for the poor made for maximum urban density densities within the constraints of a convert 25 by 100 ft m abbr none adj on lot ref plunz p 13 ref when the tenement house act of 1867 was passed the tenement was defined as blockquote any house building or portion thereof which is rented leased let or hired out to be occupied or is occupied as the home or residence of more than three families living independently of one another and doing their own cooking upon the premises or by more than two families upon a floor so living and cooking and having a common right in the halls stairways yards water closets or privies or some of them ref plunz p 22 ref blockquote it was with the publication of this act that the basic old law tenement dumbbell layout of the tenement was first used this tenement style was supposed to allow more daylighting architecture natural light and ventilation architecture air ventilation into these living quarters as well as adding more water closets and allowing for the fire safety regulations required by the tenement house act of 1867 ref plunz pp 22 24 ref on top of this many of the landlords of these tenements did little to improve their conditions when asked about the enforcement of the new statutes the superintendent of buildings said that he was satisfied with hard wood in these tenements because it burned slowly ref sante p 31 ref jacob riis main jacob riis file jacob riis portrait jpg thumb 257x257px jacob riis author of how the other half lives jacob riis emigrated from denmark in 1870 to new york city eager to prove himself finding it difficult to find work he found a home in the slums of new york s lower east side ref riis 2011 pp 10 11 ref he went back to denmark for a short time returning to new york to become a police reporter during this time riis became a devout christian and devoted himself to the service of god and his fellows ref riis 2010 p 332 ref riis turned to photography as a sort of pastime and found it a useful tool when writing his police reports once he began using magnesium flash powder he could capture the dark and dingy conditions of the tenements ref riis 2010 pp 172 173 ref how the other half lives was only one book in riis bibliography highlighting the conditions in the slums of new york some of his other works that highlighted more in depth views into slum life were the children of the poor children of the tenements the battle with the slums and out of mulberry street ref riis 2010 p 335 ref summary file prayer time in the nursery five points house of industry png left thumb 400px prayer time in the nursery five points house of industry 1888 in january 1888 riis bought a detective camera and went on an expedition to gather images of what life was like in the slums of new york city ref name 4 riis 2011 p 3 ref ref riis 2018 1892 pp ix 59 64 87 208 269 271 ref this both included riis taking his own photos as well as his using the images of other photographers ref name 4 finally on january 28 1888 riis presented the other half how it lives and dies in new york using his images on a projection screen and taking the viewer on a journey by describing the images ref name 4 throughout 1888 riis continued his lectures in local new york city churches which were reviewed in several newspapers including the sun new york city new york sun brooklyn times new york evening post and harper s magazine harper s ref riis 2011 p 4 ref in february 1889 riis wrote a magazine article based on his lectures in scribner s magazine which was a resounding success the book version of riis work was published in january 1890 as how the other half lives studies among the tenements of new york ref riis 2011 p 5 ref the title of the book is a reference to a sentence by french writer françois rabelais who wrote in gargantua and pantagruel pantagruel one half of the world does not know how the other half lives la moitié du monde ne sait comment l autre vit ref speake p 325 ref how the other half lives studies among the tenements of new york explained the living conditions in new york slums as well as the sweatshop s in some tenements which paid workers only a few cents per day the book explains the plight of working children they would work in factories and at other jobs some children became garment workers and newspaper hawker newsies newsboys riis describes a system of tenement housing that had failed as he claims because of greed and neglect from wealthier people he claims a correlation between the high crime rate drunkenness and reckless behavior of the poor and their lack of a proper home ref riis 2004 pp 3 5 ref he uses his words and photographs to expose the conditions inhabited by the poor in a manner that spoke directly to people s hearts ref pascal pp 84 87 ref according to whom date april 2026 while riis treats many of the ethnic groups he encounters with slurs and numerous stereotypes he still keeps his general hypothesis that the reason for the poverty in these communities is caused by the conditions surrounding them ref riis 2011 p 32 ref riis often does have an ethnic hierarchy often its most extreme toward the anti chinese sentiment chinese ref riis 2011 pp 18 19 ref riis ends how the other half lives with a plan of how to fix the problem he asserts that the plan is achievable and that the upper classes will not only profit financially from such ventures but have a moral obligation to tend to them as well ref riis 2004 pp 152 153 ref how the other half lives follows a general outline for the charity christian virtue charity writings of the nineteenth century a section on crime the protestant virtues and vices intemperance idleness disorder uncleanliness miserable conditions of living disease the loss of modesty especially women the dissolution of the family the institutions that would help in their uplift as well as future sources of reform ref gandal p 29 ref the difference introduced photography to prove the squalid conditions and to increase sympathy for the individuals living in these slums riis finally convinced the average reader of newspapers that the poor were not so by choice that the dangerous and unhygienic conditions in which they lived were imposed by society rather than the result of loose moral standards that the slums were something that needed to be fixed rather than gaped at or shunning shunned ref sante pp 34 35 ref critical reception after publication file an old rear tenement in roosevelt street png thumb illustration of riis photograph of rear tenements the article proved to be popular and riis spent the better part of a year expanding it into the book published by charles scribner s sons scribner s books in 1890 it offered more illustrations and halftones than the magazine articles could offer ref name riis 2011 p 6 riis 2011 p 6 ref the book was successful soon after its publication the new york times lauded its content calling it a powerful book ref matters we ought to know how the other half lives the new york times 4 january 1891 ref the praise for how the other half lives continued in many other newspapers across the country many of these enthusiastic reviews were seen in christian newsletters which enjoyed riis view on the moral issues of poverty ref name riis 2011 p 6 the christian intelligencer reviewed the first edition saying books like this that lift the curtains and expose to public gaze the great evils of the system will hasten the day of reform ref name riis 2011 p 6 many of these christian reviewers found that riis work reflected conditions in their own cities and called for reforms similar to the ones that riis outlines in how the other half lives ref riis 2010 pp 324 327 ref one of the most famous people who liked riis work was theodore roosevelt roosevelt became close to riis during the former s two years as the president of the police board ref riis 2010 p 337 ref roosevelt and riis worked together to abolish common lodging house united states police lodging houses areas in police station houses that provided temporary shelter for homeless or destitute individuals that were prone to crime and public health crises such as outbreaks of typhus ref police lodging houses are they hotbeds for typhus christian union january 14 1893 ref as well as the reenactment of the civil service law the tenement house commission laws that increased the amount of factory inspectors making the eight hour day movement eight hour day and prevailing wage laws effective regulation of the working hours of women and children as well as multiple other labor reforms ref riis 2010 pp 342 344 ref lasting impact because of this awakening caused by riis efforts many reforms were quickly compiled to improve conditions for the working poor in 1894 the tenement house committee was established ref name plunz p 38 plunz p 38 ref in 1895 they published the new york state tenement house act new york tenement house act which outlawed rear tenements which were squalid dwellings built into the backyards of buildings that did not occupy entire lots and provided even worse conditions than rooms of the buildings that faced the streets ref https www nypl org blog 2018 06 07 tenement homes new york history cramped apartments tenement homes the outsized legacy of new york s notoriously cramped apartments 7 june 2018 retrieved 24 march 2025 the new york public library ref this was also the first official document to supplement a written description of tenement housing with photographs ref name plunz p 38 in addition to this legislature more reform was brought about by the new york state tenement house act of 1901 which changed the minimum requirements of tenement housing to include reforms in the amount of light received by living quarters increased fire safety regulations more ventilation restrictions on building height and increased room space riis has almost been given full credit for inspiring these reforms especially the act of 1901 because of his poignant descriptions of the degradation of mulberry bend this area was razed and replaced with a city park ref gandal p 148 ref how the other half lives also inspired reform on a national scale the department of labor of the united states of america department of labor published the housing of the working people in 1895 which was the second major tenement study of the decade ref riis 2011 ref jacob riis was only the first to expose the conditions that the impoverished lived in using photographs some other works that detailed life in poverty were the images of the migrants during the dust bowl commissioned by the farm security administration by dorothea lange the other america by michael harrington and the american way of poverty how the other half still lives by sasha abramsky see also portal new york city society affordable housing in the united states history of new york city housing act of 1949 progressive era right to housing temperance movement in the united states welfare reform notes reflist 30em references cite book title five points the 19th century new york city neighborhood that invented tap dance stole elections and became the world s most notorious slum last anbinder first tyler publisher the free press year 2001 isbn 0684859955 location new york cite book title the virtues of the vicious jacob riis stephen crane and the spectacle of the slum last gandal first keith publisher oxford university press year 1997 isbn 0195110633 location new york pascal janet b https books google com books id oiimm_99jnac pg pa84 jacob riis reporter and reformer oxford university press cite book title a history of housing in new york city last plunz first richard publisher columbia university press year 1990 isbn 0231062966 location new york riis jacob how the other half lives studies among the tenements of new york kessinger publishing 2004 cite book title how the other half lives authoritative text contexts and criticism last riis first jacob publisher w w norton company inc year 2010 isbn 9780393930269 editor last diner editor first hasia r location new york cite book title how the other half lives studies among the tenements of new york last riis first jacob a work introduction framing the poor the irresistibility of how the other half lives publisher bedford st martin s year 2011 isbn 9780312574017 editor last leviatin editor first david location boston cite book title low life lures and snares of old new york last sante first luc publisher harper collins year 1991 isbn 0374194149 location usa url access registration url https archive org details lowlifeluressnar00sant cite book editor last speake editor first jennifer editor link jennifer speake url https books google com books id ogm0c8mytquc pg pt325 title a dictionary of proverbs publisher oxford university press year 2008 isbn 978 0 19 158001 7 external links wikisource commons standardebooks standard ebooks url https standardebooks org ebooks jacob riis how the other half lives https www historyonthenet com authentichistory 1898 1913 2 progressivism 2 riis index html how the other half lives complete text and photos online http www gutenberg org ebooks 45502 how the other half lives at project gutenberg project gutenberg librivox book title how the other half lives author jacob a riis https journalism nyu edu publishing archives portfolio books book287 html how the other half lives portfolio at nyu deprecated archive url https archive today 20121212210732 http xroads virginia edu ma01 davis photography riis riis html title documenting the other half sec el https web archive org web 20091211215838 http www lenbernstein com riisarticle html what do the world and people deserve iarchive housingworkingp00goulgoog the housing of the working people https www pbs org wnet newyork series new york a documentary film webarchive url https web archive org web 20170507193351 http www pbs or...