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vidual s primary moral obligation is to achieve his own well being it is for his life and his self interest that an individual ought to obey a moral code ref harvnb smith 2006 pp 23 24 ref ethical egoism is a corollary of setting man s life as the moral standard ref harvnb peikoff 1991 p 230 ref rand believed that rational egoism is the logical consequence of humans following evidence to its logical conclusion the only alternative would be that they live without orientation to reality a corollary to rand s endorsement of self interest is her rejection of the altruism ethics ethical doctrine of altruism which she defined in the sense of auguste comte s altruism he popularized the term ref cite web title altruism n url http www etymonline com index php term altruism work online etymology dictionary publisher douglas harper access date may 27 2021 ref as a moral obligation to live for the sake of others rand also rejected subjectivism a whim worshiper or hedonist according to rand is not motivated by a desire to live his own human life but by a wish to live on a sub human level instead of using that which promotes my human life as his standard of value he mistakes that which i mindlessly happen to value for a standard of value in contradiction of the fact that existentially he is a human and therefore rational organism the i value in whim worship or hedonism can be replaced with we value he values they value or god values and still it would remain dissociated from reality rand repudiated the equation of rational selfishness with hedonistic or whim worshiping selfishness without a self she said that the former is good and the latter bad and that there is a fundamental difference between them ref name vos harvnb rand 1964 p 18 ref for rand all of the principal virtue s are applications of the role of reason as man s basic tool of survival rationality honesty justice independence integrity productiveness and pride each of which she explains in some detail in the objectivist ethics ref see also harvnb smith 2006 ref the essence of objectivist ethics is summarized by the oath her atlas shrugged character john galt adhered to i swear by my life and my love of it that i will never live for the sake of another man nor ask another man to live for mine ref harvnb rand 1992 p 731 ref criticism on ethics some philosophers have criticized objectivist ethics the philosopher robert nozick argues that rand s foundational argument in ethics is unsound because it does not explain why someone could not rationally prefer dying and having no values in order to further some particular value he argues that her attempt to defend the morality of selfishness is therefore an instance of begging the question nozick also argues that rand s solution to david hume s famous is ought problem is unsatisfactory in response the philosophers douglas b rasmussen and douglas den uyl have argued that nozick misstated rand s case ref cite journal title ayn rand and the is ought problem last o neil first patrick m journal journal of libertarian studies date spring 1983 volume 7 issue 1 pages 81 99 url https www mises org sites default files 7_1_4_0 pdf ref ref cite journal title nozick on the randian argument last1 den uyl first1 douglas author link1 douglas den uyl last2 rasmussen first2 douglas author link2 douglas b rasmussen journal the personalist date april 1978 volume 59 pages 184 205 reprinted along with nozick s article in reading nozick j paul ed 1981 rowman littlefield ref charles king criticized rand s example of an indestructible robot to demonstrate the value of life as incorrect and confusing ref king j charles life and the theory of value the randian argument reconsidered in harvnb den uyl rasmussen 1984 ref in response paul st f blair defended rand s ethical conclusions while maintaining that his arguments might not have been approved by rand ref cite journal url http www reasonpapers com pdf 10 rp_10_7 pdf title the randian argument reconsidered a reply to charles king first paul last st f blair journal reason papers date spring 1985 issue 10 access date september 14 2011 ref politics individual rights and capitalism capitalism sidebar rand s defense of individual liberty integrates elements from her entire philosophy ref harvnb peikoff 1991 p 354 harvnb sciabarra 1995 p 274 ref since reason is the means of human knowledge it is therefore each person s most fundamental means of survival and is necessary to the achievement of values ref harvnb bernstein 2009 pp 25 31 ref the use or threat of force law force neutralizes the practical effect of an individual s reason whether the force originates from the state or from a criminal according to rand man s mind will not function at the point of a gun ref harvnb rand 1967 p 141 ref therefore the only type of organized human behavior consistent with the operation of reason is that of voluntary cooperation persuasion is the method of reason by its nature the overtly irrational cannot rely on the use of persuasion and must ultimately resort to force to prevail ref harvnb peikoff 1991 pp 310 313 ref thus rand argued that reason and freedom are correlates just as she argued that mysticism and force are corollaries ref harvnb rand 1982 p 66 ref based on this understanding of the role of reason objectivists claim that the initiation of physical force against the will of another is immoral ref harvnb rand 1964 p 36 harvnb peikoff 1991 p 310 harvnb smith 1997 pp 143 147 ref as are indirect initiations of force through threats ref harvnb smith 1997 pp 150 155 ref fraud ref harvnb peikoff 1991 pp 319 ref or breach of contract ref harvnb rand 1964 pp 129 130 ref the use of defensive or retaliatory force on the other hand is appropriate ref harvnb rand 1964 p 126 harvnb peikoff 1991 p 320 ref objectivism claims that because the opportunity to use reason without the initiation of force is necessary to achieve moral values each individual has an inalienable moral natural and legal rights right to act as his own judgment directs and to keep the product of his effort peikoff explaining the basis of rights stated in content as the founding fathers recognized there is one fundamental right which has several major derivatives the fundamental right is the right to life its major derivatives are the right to liberty property and the pursuit of happiness ref harvnb peikoff 1991 pp 351 352 the objectivist understanding of rights is explored at length in harvnb smith 1997 ref a right is a moral principle defining and sanctioning a man s freedom of action in a social context ref harvnb rand 1964 p 110 ref these rights are specifically understood to be rights to action not to specific results or objects and the obligations created by rights are negative in nature each individual must refrain from violating the rights of others ref harvnb peikoff 1991 p 355 ref objectivists reject alternative notions of rights such as positive rights ref harvnb smith 1997 pp 165 182 harvnb touchstone 2006 p 108 ref collective rights or animal rights ref harvnb peikoff 1991 pp 356 358 harvnb rand 1964 pp 120 ref objectivism claims that the only social system which fully recognizes individual rights is capitalism ref harvnb rand 1967 p 19 ref specifically what rand described as full pure uncontrolled unregulated laissez faire capitalism ref harvnb rand 1964 p 37 ref objectivism regards capitalism as the social system which is most beneficial to the poor but does not consider this its primary justification ref harvnb peikoff 1991 pp 392 395 harvnb sciabarra 1995 p 284 ref rather it is the only moral social system objectivism maintains that only societies seeking to establish freedom or free nations have a right to self determination ref harvnb rand 1964 p 103 ref objectivism describes government as the means of placing the retaliatory use of physical force under objective control i e under objectively defined laws thus government is both legitimate and critically important ref harvnb peikoff 1991 p 364 ref in order to protect individual rights ref harvnb rand 1964 pp 125 128 ref rand opposed anarchism because she considered that putting police and courts on the market is an inherent miscarriage of justice ref harvnb rand 1964 p 112 ref objectivism claims that the proper functions of a government are the police to protect men from criminals military the armed services to protect men from foreign invaders courts the law courts to settle disputes among men according to objective laws the executive government executive and legislatures ref harvnb rand 1964 p 131 ref furthermore in protecting individual rights the government is acting as an agent of its citizens and has no rights except the rights em delegated to it by the citizens ref harvnb rand 1964 p 129 ref and it must act in an impartial manner according to specific objectively defined laws ref harvnb rand 1964 p 128 harvnb peikoff 1991 pp 364 365 ref rand argued that limited intellectual property rights intellectual property monopolies being granted to certain inventors and artists on a first to file basis are moral because she considered all property as fundamentally intellectual furthermore the value of a commercial product derives in part from the necessary work of its inventors however rand considered limits on patents and copyrights as important and said that if they were granted in perpetuity it would necessarily result in de facto collectivism rand opposed racism and any legal application of racism she considered affirmative action to be an example of legal racism ref harvnb rand 1964 pp 173 84 cf cite book title the other side of racism last wortham first anne location columbus publisher ohio state university press year 1981 isbn 978 0 8142 0318 7 ref rand advocated the right to legal abortion ref cite book last rand first ayn chapter of living death editor leonard peikoff title the voice of reason location new york publisher new american library year 1989 isbn 978 0 453 00634 7 title link the voice of reason book ref rand believed capital punishment is morally justified as retribution against a murderer but dangerous due to the risk of mistakenly executing innocent people and facilitating state murder she therefore said she opposed capital punishment on epistemological not moral grounds ref harvnb rand 2005 pp 45 46 ref rand opposed involuntary military conscription ref harvnb rand 1967 pp 226 28 ref she opposed any form of censorship including legal restrictions on pornography freedom of opinion opinion or freedom to worship worship rand famously quipped in the transition to statism every infringement of human rights has begun with a given right s least attractive practitioners ref harvnb rand 1982 pp 173 84 ref ref cite web url http aynrandlexicon com lexicon free_speech html title free speech website ayn rand lexicon ref objectivists have also opposed a number of government activities commonly endorsed by both liberals and conservatives including antitrust law s ref greenspan alan antitrust in harvnb rand 1967 pp 63 71 ref the minimum wage public education ref nathaniel branden branden nathaniel common fallacies about capitalism in harvnb rand 1967 pp 89 92 ref and existing child labor law s ref robert hessen hessen robert the effects of the industrial revolution on women and children in harvnb rand 1967 pp 110 113 ref objectivists have argued against faith based initiatives ref cite web url http www aynrand org site news2 id 7475 title faith based initiatives are an assault on secular government last epstein first alex date february 4 2003 publisher ayn rand institute access date june 19 2009 archive url https web archive org web 20120324085647 http www aynrand org site news2 id 7475 archive date march 24 2012 ref displaying religious symbols in government facilities ref cite web url http www aynrand org site news2 id 10889 title the ten commandments vs america first harry last binswanger author link harry binswanger date march 3 2005 publisher ayn rand institute access date june 19 2009 archive url https web archive org web 20120324085654 http www aynrand org site news2 id 10889 archive date march 24 2012 ref and the teaching of intelligent design in public schools ref cite news url http www aynrand org site news2 id 11555 title intelligent design is about religion versus reason newspaper orange county register first keith last lockitch date december 11 2005 access date june 19 2009 archive url https web archive org web 20120324085705 http www aynrand org site news2 id 11555 archive date march 24 2012 ref rand opposed involuntary taxation and believed government could be financed voluntarily although she thought this could only happen after other reforms of government were implemented ref harvnb peikoff 1991 p 368 ref ref harvnb rand 1964 pp 135 137 ref criticism on politics some critics including economists and political philosophers such as murray rothbard david d friedman roy childs norman p barry and chandran kukathas have argued that objectivist ethics are consistent with anarcho capitalism instead of minarchism ref childs roy 1969 http www isil org ayn rand childs open letter html objectivism and the state an open letter to ayn rand ref ref harvnb barry 1987 pp 128 129 ref ref name kukathas ref harvnb burns 2009 pp 250 251 ref ref cite web url https mises org easaran chap3 asp last rothbard first murray n author link murray rothbard title anatomy of the state what the state is not website egalitarianism as a revolt against nature and other essays year 1974 ref aesthetics metaphysical value judgments see also romantic realism the objectivist theory of art derives from its epistemology by way of psycho epistemology rand s term for an individual s characteristic mode of functioning in acquiring knowledge art according to objectivism serves a human cognitive need it allows human beings to understand concepts as though they were percept s objectivism defines art as a selective re creation of reality according to an artist s metaphysical value judgments that is according to what the artist believes to be ultimately true and important about the nature of reality and humanity in this respect objectivism regards art as a way of presenting abstractions concretely in perceptual form ref harvnb peikoff 1991 p 417 ref the human need for art according to this idea derives from the need for cognitive economy a concept is already a sort of mental shorthand standing for a large number of concretes allowing a human being to think indirectly or implicitly of many more such concretes than can be kept explicitly in mind but a human being cannot keep indefinitely many concepts explicitly in mind either and yet according to objectivism they need a comprehensive conceptual framework to provide guidance in life art offers a way out of this dilemma by providing a perceptual easily grasped means of communicating and thinking about a wide range of abstractions including one s metaphysical value jud...