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n 3d including the diamond wizard and the universal short hawaiian nights with mamie van doren and pinky lee other re premieres of films not seen since their original release in stereoscopic form included cease fire taza son of cochise wings of the hawk and those redheads from seattle also shown were the long lost shorts carmenesque and a day in the country both 1953 and william van doren kelley s two plasticon shorts 1922 and 1923 audience decline in theaters 3d streaming 2011 present edit in the wake of its initial popularity and corresponding increase in the number of screens more films were being released in the 3d format yet fewer people were choosing to see them in such a way for instance only 45 of the premiere weekend box office earnings of kung fu panda 2 in 2011 came from 3d screenings as opposed to 60 for shrek forever after in 2010 58 in addition the premiere of cars 2 opening weekend gross consisted of only 37 from 3d theatres 59 harry potter and the deathly hallows part 2 and captain america the first avenger were major releases that achieved similar percentages 43 and 40 respectively 60 in view of this trend there has been box office analysis concluding the implementation of 3d presentation is apparently backfiring by discouraging people from going to film theatres at all as brandon gray of box office mojo notes in each case 3d s more money from fewer people approach has simply led to less money from even fewer people 61 parallel the number of televisions sold with support for 3d television has dropped let alone those sold with actual 3d goggles according to the motion picture association of america despite a record total of 47 3d films being released in 2011 the overall domestic box office receipts were down 18 to 1 8 billion from 2 2 billion in 2010 62 although revenues as a whole increased during 2012 the bulk has so far come from 2d presentations as exemplified by little over 50 of filmgoers opting to see the likes of the avengers and 32 choosing brave in their 3d versions conflicting reasons are respectively offered by studios and exhibitors whereas the former blame more expensive 3d ticket prices the latter argue that the quality of films in general is at fault however despite the perceived decline of 3d in the u s market studio chiefs in 2012 were optimistic of better receipts internationally where there still appeared to be a strong appetite for the format 63 64 needs update studios are also using 3d to generate additional income from films that are already commercially successful such re releases usually involve a conversion from 2d for example disney has reissued both the lion king and beauty and the beast with plans to add some of its other well known titles 65 titanic has also been modified for 3d 66 and there are also plans to similarly present all six star wars films 67 jeffrey katzenberg a producer of 3d films and one of the leading proponents of the format blames oversaturation of the market with inferior films especially ones photographed conventionally and then digitally processed in post production he claims that such films have led audiences to conclude that the format is not worth the often much higher ticket price 68 daniel engber a columnist for slate comes to a similar conclusion what happened to 3 d it may have died from a case of acute septicemia too much crap in the system 69 film critic mark kermode a noted detractor of 3d has surmised that there is an emerging policy of distributors to limit the availability of 2d versions thus railroading the 3d format into cinemas whether the paying filmgoer likes it or not this was especially prevalent during the release of prometheus in 2012 where only 30 of prints for theatrical exhibition at least in the uk were in 2d 70 his suspicions were later reinforced by a substantial number of complaints about dredd from those who wished to see it in 2d but were denied the opportunity 71 in july 2017 imax announced that they would begin to focus on screening more hollywood tentpole movies in 2d even if there s a 3d version and have fewer 3d screenings of movies in north america citing that moviegoers in north america prefer 2d films over 3d films 72 in 2024 3d films in 4k hdr became available to home media for the first time with the launch of the visionos operating system offering two services to access movies in such formats apple tv and disney some films were also offered in high frame rate 48fps such as avatar the way of water other 3d media shot in 8k with a 180 degree view was also made available under the moniker apple immersive video 73 74 in 2025 3d films became available to android xr devices via the google tv service starting with the samsung galaxy xr 75 techniques edit further information stereoscopy stereoscopic motion pictures can be produced through a variety of different methods over the years the popularity of systems being widely employed in film theaters has waxed and waned though anaglyph was sometimes used prior to 1948 during the early golden era of 3d cinematography of the 1950s the polarization system was used for every single feature length film in the united states and all but one short film 76 in the 21st century polarization 3d systems have continued to dominate the scene though during the 1960s and 1970s some classic films which were converted to anaglyph for theaters not equipped for polarization and were even shown in 3d on television 77 in the years following the mid 1980s some films were made with short segments in anaglyph 3d the following are some of the technical details and methodologies employed in some of the more notable 3d film systems that have been developed producing 3d films edit live action edit main article stereo photography techniques the standard for shooting live action films in 3d involves using two cameras mounted so that their lenses are about as far apart from each other as the average pair of human eyes recording two separate images for both the left eye and the right eye in principle two normal 2d cameras could be put side to side but this is problematic in many ways the only real option is to invest in new stereoscopic cameras moreover some cinematographic tricks that are simple with a 2d camera become impossible when filming in 3d this means those otherwise cheap tricks need to be replaced by expensive cgi 78 in 2008 journey to the center of the earth became the first live action feature film to be shot with the earliest fusion camera system released in digital 3d and was later followed by several others avatar 2009 was shot in a 3d process that is based on how the human eye looks at an image it was an improvement to the existing 3d camera system many 3d camera rigs still in use simply pair two cameras side by side while newer rigs are paired with a beam splitter or both camera lenses built into one unit while digital cinema cameras are not a requirement for 3d they are the predominant medium for most of what is photographed film options include imax 3d and cine 160 animation edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed september 2026 learn how and when to remove this message in the 1930s and 1940s the fleischer studios made several cartoons with extensive stereoscopic 3d backgrounds including several popeye the sailor betty boop and superman cartoons in the early to mid 1950s only half of the major animation film studios operation experimented with creating traditional 3d animated short subjects the walt disney studio produced two traditionally animated shorts in stereoscopic 3d for cinemas adventures in music melody 1953 and the donald duck cartoon working for peanuts 1953 warner bros cartoons only produced a single cartoon in 3d lumber jack rabbit 1953 starring bugs bunny famous studios produced two cartoons in 3d the popeye cartoon popeye the ace of space 1953 and the casper the friendly ghost cartoon boo moon 1954 walter lantz productions produced the woody woodpecker cartoon hypnotic hick 1953 which was distributed by universal from the late 1950s until the mid 2000s almost no animation was produced for 3d display in theaters although several films used 3d backgrounds one exception is starchaser the legend of orin cgi animated films can be rendered as stereoscopic 3d version by using two virtual cameras stop motion animated 3d films are photographed with two cameras similar to live action 3d films in 2004 the polar express was the first stereoscopic 3d computer animated feature film the 3d version was solely released in imax theaters in november 2005 walt disney pictures released chicken little in digital 3d format being disney s first computer animated film in 3d the film was converted from 2d into 3d in post production nwave pictures fly me to the moon 2008 was actually the first animated film created for 3d and released exclusively in 3d in digital theaters around the world no other animation films have released solely in 3d since the first 3d feature by dreamworks animation monsters vs aliens followed in 2009 and used a new digital rendering process called intru3d which was developed by intel to create more realistic animated 3d images intru3d is not used to exhibit 3d films in theaters they are shown in either reald 3d or imax 3d 2d to 3d conversion edit main article 2d to 3d conversion in the case of 2d cgi animated films that were generated from 3d models it is possible to return to the models to generate a 3d version for all other 2d films different techniques must be employed for example for the 3d re release of the 1993 film the nightmare before christmas walt disney pictures scanned each original frame and manipulated them to produce left eye and right eye versions dozens of films have now been converted from 2d to 3d there are several approaches used for 2d to 3d conversion most notably depth based methods 79 however conversion to 3d has problems information is unavailable as 2d does not have information for a perspective view some tvs have a 3d engine to convert 2d content to 3d usually on high frame rate content and on some slower processors even normal frame rate the processor is not fast enough and lag is possible this can lead to strange visual effects 80 displaying 3d films edit further information 3d television and 3d display anaglyph edit main article anaglyph 3d the traditional 3d glasses with modern red and cyan color filters similar to the red green and red blue lenses used to view early anaglyph films anaglyph images were the earliest method of presenting theatrical 3d and the one most commonly associated with stereoscopy by the public at large mostly because of non theatrical 3d media such as comic books and 3d television broadcasts where polarization is not practical they were made popular because of the ease of their production and exhibition the first anaglyph film was invented in 1915 by edwin s porter though the earliest theatrical presentations were done with this system most 3d films from the 1950s and 1980s were originally shown polarized 81 in an anaglyph the two images are superimposed in an additive light setting through two filters one red and one cyan in a subtractive light setting the two images are printed in the same complementary colors on white paper glasses with colored filters in each eye separate the appropriate images by canceling the filter color out and rendering the complementary color black anaglyph images are much easier to view than either parallel sighting or crossed eye stereograms although the latter types offer bright and accurate color rendering particularly in the red component which is muted or desaturated with even the best color anaglyphs a compensating technique commonly known as anachrome uses a slightly more transparent cyan filter in the patented glasses associated with the technique process reconfigures the typical anaglyph image to have less parallax an alternative to the usual red and cyan filter system of anaglyph is colorcode 3 d a patented anaglyph system which was invented in order to present an anaglyph image in conjunction with the ntsc television standard in which the red channel is often compromised colorcode uses the complementary colors of yellow and dark blue on screen and the colors of the glasses lenses are amber and dark blue the polarization 3d system has been the standard for theatrical presentations since it was used for bwana devil in 1952 81 though early imax presentations were done using the eclipse system and in the 1960s and 1970s classic 3d films were sometimes converted to anaglyph for special presentations the polarization system has better color fidelity and less ghosting than the anaglyph system in the post 50s era anaglyph has been used instead of polarization in feature presentations where only part of the film is in 3d such as in the 3d segment of freddy s dead the final nightmare and the 3d segments of spy kids 3 d game over anaglyph is also used in printed materials and in 3d television broadcasts where polarization is not practical 3d polarized televisions and other displays only became available from several manufacturers in 2008 these generate polarization on the receiving end polarization systems edit cardboard 3d linear polarized glasses from the 1980s similar to those used in the 1950s though some were plain white they often had the name of the theatre and or graphics from the film main article polarized 3d system to present a stereoscopic motion pictures two images are projected superimposed onto the same screen through different polarizing filters the viewer wears low cost glasses which also contain a pair of polarizing filters oriented differently clockwise counterclockwise with circular polarization or at 90 degree angles usually 45 and 135 degrees 82 with linear polarization as each filter passes only that light which is similarly polarized and blocks the light polarized differently each eye sees a different image this is used to produce a three dimensional effect by projecting the same scene into both eyes but depicted from slightly different perspectives since no head tracking is involved the entire audience can view the stereoscopic images at the same time resembling sunglasses reald circular polarized glasses are now the standard for theatrical releases and theme park attractions circular polarization has an advantage over linear polarization in that the viewer does not need to have their head upright and aligned with the screen for the polarization to work properly with linear polarization turning the glasses sideways causes the filters to go out of alignment with the screen filters causing the image to fade and for each eye to see the opposite frame more easily for circular polarization the polarizing effect works regardless of how the viewer s head is aligned with the screen such as tilted sideways or even at a 90 degree angle in which ca...