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guration and power interface acpi is an open standard for operating system directed configuration and power management launched in december 1996 and first available in windows 98 and windows 2000 acpi replaced advanced power management apm the multiprocessor specification and the plug and play bios pnp specification 1 acpi brings power management under the control of the operating system as opposed to the previous bios centric system that relied on platform specific firmware to determine power management and configuration policies 2 the specification is central to the operating system directed configuration and power management ospm system acpi defines hardware abstraction interfaces between the device s firmware e g bios uefi the computer hardware components and the operating systems 3 4 internally acpi advertises the available components and their functions to the operating system kernel using instruction lists methods provided through the system firmware uefi or bios which the kernel parses acpi then executes the desired operations written in acpi machine language such as the initialization of hardware components using an embedded minimal virtual machine intel microsoft and toshiba originally developed the standard while hp huawei and phoenix also participated later in october 2013 acpi special interest group acpi sig the original developers of the acpi standard agreed to transfer all assets to the uefi forum in which all future development will take place 5 the latest version update of the standard 6 6 was released in 13 may 2025 6 architecture edit the firmware level acpi has three main components the acpi tables the acpi bios and the acpi registers the acpi bios generates acpi tables and loads acpi tables into main memory much of the firmware acpi functionality is provided in bytecode of acpi machine language aml a turing complete domain specific low level language stored in the acpi tables 7 to make use of the acpi tables the operating system must have an interpreter for the aml bytecode a reference aml interpreter implementation is provided by the acpi component architecture acpica at the bios development time aml bytecode is compiled from acpi source language asl code 8 9 acpi component architecture acpica edit the acpi component architecture acpica mainly written by intel s engineers provides an open source platform independent reference implementation of the operating system related acpi code 10 the acpica code is used by linux haiku arcaos 11 and freebsd 8 which supplement it with their operating system specific code history edit the first revision of the acpi specification was released in december 1996 supporting 16 24 and 32 bit addressing spaces it was not until august 2000 that acpi received 64 bit address support as well as support for multiprocessor workstations and servers with revision 2 0 in 1999 then microsoft ceo bill gates stated in an e mail that linux would benefit from acpi without them having to do work and suggested to make it windows only 12 13 14 in september 2004 revision 3 0 was released bringing to the acpi specification support for sata interfaces pci express bus multiprocessor support for more than 256 processors ambient light sensors and user presence devices as well as extending the thermal model beyond the previous processor centric support released in june 2009 revision 4 0 of the acpi specification added various new features to the design most notable are the usb 3 0 support logical processor idling support and x2apic support initially acpi was exclusive to x86 architecture revision 5 0 of the acpi specification was released in december 2011 15 which added the arm architecture support the revision 5 1 was released in july 2014 16 the latest revision 6 6 which was released in may 2025 added the risc v support operating systems edit the it s now safe to turn off your computer screen in windows 9x most of the computer peripherals are offline and the only ways to exit this screen are to power off or reset the computer the it s now safe to turn off your computer screen in windows nt 4 0 unlike windows 9x and later nt releases most of the essential computer peripherals are working normally so the user can opt to restart instead of powering off their computer the it s now safe to power off the system screen in windows 10 and 11 microsoft s windows 98 was the first operating system to implement acpi 17 18 but its implementation was somewhat buggy or incomplete 19 20 although some of the problems associated with it were caused by the first generation acpi hardware 21 other operating systems including later versions of windows macos x86 macos only ecomstation arcaos 22 freebsd since freebsd 5 0 23 netbsd since netbsd 1 6 24 openbsd since openbsd 3 8 25 hp ux openvms linux gnu hurd and pc versions of solaris have at least some support for acpi 26 some newer operating systems like windows vista require the computer to have an acpi compliant bios and since windows 8 the s0ix modern standby state was implemented 27 windows operating systems use acpi sys 28 to access acpi events the 2 4 series of the linux kernel had only minimal support for acpi with better support implemented and enabled by default from kernel version 2 6 0 onwards 29 old acpi bios implementations tend to be quite buggy and consequently are not supported by later operating systems for example windows 2000 windows xp and windows server 2003 only use acpi if the bios date is after january 1 1999 30 similarly linux kernel 2 6 may not use acpi if the bios date is before january 1 2001 29 linux based operating systems can provide handling of acpi events via acpid 31 ospm responsibilities edit once an ospm compatible operating system activates acpi it takes exclusive control of all aspects of power management and device configuration the ospm implementation must expose an acpi compatible environment to device drivers which exposes certain system device and processor states power states edit global states edit the acpi specification defines the following four global gx states and six sleep sx states for an acpi compliant computer system 32 33 gx name sx description g0 working s0 the computer is running and the cpu executes instructions away mode is a subset of s0 where monitor is off but background tasks are running g1 sleeping s0ix modern standby 34 or low power s0 idle partial processor soc sleep 35 36 sub states include s0i1 s0i2 and s0i3 known to arm and x86 devices s1 power on suspend pos the cpu stops executing instructions and enters a low power idle state and the power to the ram is maintained peripherals such as monitor and hard disk may be turned off s2 cpu powered off cpu cache is flushed to ram s3 commonly referred to as standby sleep or suspend to ram str ram remains powered and ram enters self refresh mode most peripherals are turned off fans are usually turned off requires gpu drivers on windows s4 hibernation or suspend to disk all content of the main memory is saved to non volatile memory such as a hard drive and the system is powered down g2 soft off s5 shutdown system is powered down g3 mechanical off the computer s power has been totally removed via a mechanical switch as on the rear of a psu the power cord can be removed and the system is safe for disassembly typically only the real time clock continues to run using its own small battery the specification also defines a legacy state the state of an operating system which does not support acpi in this state the hardware and power are not managed via acpi effectively disabling acpi device states edit the device states d0 d3 are device dependent d0 or fully on is the operating state as with s0ix intel has d0ix states for intermediate levels on the soc 37 d1 and d2 are intermediate power states whose definition varies by device d3 the d3 state is further divided into d3 hot has auxiliary power and d3 cold no power provided hot a device can assert power management requests to transition to higher power states cold or off has the device powered off and unresponsive to its bus cpu states edit the cpu states c0 c3 are defined as follows c0 is the operating state c1 often known as halt is a state where the processor is not executing instructions but can return to an executing state essentially instantaneously all acpi conformant processors must support this power state some processors such as the pentium 4 and amd athlon also support an enhanced c1 state c1e or enhanced halt state for lower power consumption however this proved to be buggy on some systems 38 39 c2 often known as stop clock is a state where the processor maintains all software visible state but may take longer to wake up this processor state is optional c3 often known as sleep is a state where the processor does not need to keep its cache coherent but maintains other state some processors have variations on the c3 state deep sleep deeper sleep etc that differ in how long it takes to wake the processor this processor state is optional additional states are defined by manufacturers for some cpus they are reported to the system via the _cst method 40 for example intel s haswell platform has states up to c10 where it distinguishes core states and package states the difference being that the package not only includes the processor cores but also components such as the l3 cache memory controller and other i o functions 41 similarly amd zen 2 cpus diffentiate between c states and p states for the core complex and the infinity fabric 42 for describing the idle states of groupings of components e g a package containing several cores the _lpi low power idle method is used 43 this should not be confused with intel s private lpit table used to describe s0ix sleep in package c10 or pch slp_s0 state 44 performance states edit while a device or processor operates d0 and c0 respectively it can be in one of several power performance states these states are implementation dependent p0 is always the highest performance state with p1 to p n being successively lower performance states the total number of states is device or processor dependent but can be no greater than 16 45 p states have become known as speedstep in intel processors as powernow or cool n quiet in amd processors and as powersaver in via processors p0 maximum power and frequency p1 less than p0 voltage and frequency scaled p2 less than p1 voltage and frequency scaled 46 pn less than p n 1 voltage and frequency scaled see dynamic frequency scaling autonomous frequency scaling for a brief description of a newer control method based on the acpi collaborative processor performance control cppc this new method allows hundreds of possible states and for the processor to autonomously to choose from a given range of states interfaces edit hardware edit acpi compliant systems interact with hardware through either a function fixed hardware ffh interface or a platform independent hardware programming model which relies on platform specific acpi machine language aml provided by the original equipment manufacturer oem function fixed hardware interfaces are platform specific features provided by platform manufacturers for the purposes of performance and failure recovery standard intel based pcs have a fixed function interface defined by intel 47 which provides a set of core functionality that reduces an acpi compliant system s need for full driver stacks for providing basic functionality during boot time or in the case of major system failure acpi platform error interface apei is a specification for reporting of hardware errors e g chipset ram to the operating system firmware edit acpi defines many tables that provide the interface between an acpi compliant operating system and system firmware bios or uefi this includes rsdp rsdt xsdt fadt facs dsdt ssdt madt and mcfg for example 48 49 the tables allow description of system hardware in a platform independent manner and are presented as either fixed formatted data structures or in aml the main aml table is the dsdt differentiated system description table the aml can be decompiled by tools like intel s iasl open source part of acpica for purposes like patching the tables for expanding os compatibility 50 51 the root system description pointer rsdp is located in a platform dependent manner and describes the rest of the tables a custom acpi table called the windows platform binary table wpbt is used by microsoft to allow vendors to add software into the windows os automatically lenovo have been caught using this feature to install harmful software such as superfish 52 also gigabyte technology have been found using this feature to install its oem software samsung shipped pcs with windows update disabled 52 windows versions older than windows 7 do not support this feature but alternative techniques can be used this behavior has been compared to rootkits 53 54 criticism edit ubuntu founder mark shuttleworth says acpi is a security risk 55 he says arguing for acpi on your next generation device is arguing for a trojan horse of monumental proportions to be installed in your living room and in your data centre and firmware on your device is the nsa s best friend he goes on to say your biggest mistake is to assume that the nsa is the only institution abusing this position of trust in fact it s reasonable to assume that all firmware is a cesspool of insecurity courtesy of incompetence of the highest degree from manufacturers and competence of the highest degree from a very wide range of such agencies he suggests open source declarative firmware acpi or non acpi as a solution 56 in november 2003 linus torvalds author of the linux kernel described acpi as a complete design disaster in every way 56 57 see also edit active state power management coreboot devicetree green computing power management keys server base system architecture sbsa wake on lan further reading edit garrett matthew october 31 2023 why acpi references edit acpi overview pdf www acpi info archived from the original slide show in pdf on may 25 2019 apm bios specification intel corporation microsoft corporation february 1996 archived from the original rtf on february 6 2012 retrieved july 2 2010 what is acpi advanced configuration and power interface definition from whatis com searchwindowsserver retrieved september 18 2020 acpi device tree representation of acpi namespace the linux kernel documentation www kernel org retrieved september 18 2020 the advanced configuration power interface web page has a prominent note that links to the preexisting acpi specifications page on the uefi web site acpi org july 23 2014 archived from the original on june 22 2011 retrieved january 25 2016 advanced configuration and power interface acpi specification release 6 6 pdf may 13 2025 retrieved july 19 2025 bernhard kauer august 2009 atare acpi tables and regular expressions pdf retrieved february 18 2019 1 2 acpi implementation on freebsd usenix acpi in linux 2005 acpica acpi ...