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rsk norsk bokmål română русский svenska türkçe українська 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia standards for the c programming language this article is about the programming language standard for the paper size see paper size ansi paper sizes c language revisions k r c ansi c c99 c11 c17 c23 c29 v t e ansi c iso c and standard c are successive standards for the c programming language published by the american national standards institute ansi and iso iec jtc 1 sc 22 wg 14 of the international organization for standardization iso and the international electrotechnical commission iec historically the names referred specifically to the original and best supported version of the standard known as c89 or c90 software developers writing in c are encouraged to conform to the standards as doing so helps portability between compilers history and outlook edit the first standard for c was published by ansi although this document was subsequently adopted by iso iec and subsequent revisions published by iso iec have been adopted by ansi ansi c is still used to refer to the standard 1 while some software developers use the term iso c others are standards body neutral and use standard c informal specification k r c c78 edit main article k r c informal specification in 1978 brian kernighan and dennis ritchie book the c programming language standardizing c edit in 1983 the american national standards institute formed a committee x3j11 to establish a standard specification of c in 1985 the first standard draft was released sometimes referred to as c85 in 1986 another draft standard was released sometimes referred to as c86 the prerelease standard c was published in 1988 and sometimes referred to as c88 2 c89 edit the ansi standard was completed in 1989 and ratified as ansi x3 159 1989 programming language c this version of the language is often referred to as ansi c later on sometimes the label c89 is used to distinguish it from c90 but using the same labeling method c90 edit the same standard as c89 was ratified by iso iec as iso iec 9899 1990 with only formatting changes 3 which is sometimes referred to as c90 therefore the terms c89 and c90 refer to a language that is virtually identical this standard has been withdrawn by both ansi incits 4 and iso iec 5 c94 c95 edit in 1995 the iso iec published an extension called amendment 1 for the c standard its full name finally was iso iec 9899 1990 amd1 1995 nicknamed c94 or c95 aside from error correction there were further changes to the language capabilities 6 7 such as improved multi byte and wide character support in the standard library introducing wchar h and wctype h as well as multi byte i o addition of digraphs to the language specification of standard macros for the alternative specification of operators e g and for specification of the standard macro __stdc_version__ this was both the first standard with a __stdc_version__ value 199409l and the first version in which the year in that value did not match the year of publication 1995 leading to common names of both c94 and c95 this would happen again in c17 2018 and c23 2024 but they are more commonly known by their earlier years while this standard is often referred to by its later year 8 in addition to the amendment two technical corrigenda were published by iso for c90 iso iec 9899 1990 cor 1 1994 tcor1 in 1994 9 iso iec 9899 1990 cor 2 1996 in 1996 10 preprocessor test for c95 compatibility edit if defined __stdc_version__ __stdc_version__ 199409l c95 compatible source code elif defined __stdc__ c89 compatible source code endif c99 edit main article c99 in march 2000 ansi adopted the iso iec 9899 1999 standard 11 this standard is commonly referred to as c99 some notable additions to the previous standard include new built in data types long long _bool _complex and _imaginary several new core language features including static array indices designated initializers compound literals variable length arrays flexible array members variadic macros and restrict keyword several new library headers including stdint h tgmath h fenv h complex h improved compatibility with several c features including inline functions single line comments with mixing declarations and code and universal character names in identifiers removed several dangerous c89 language features such as implicit function declarations and implicit int three technical corrigenda were published by iso for c99 iso iec 9899 1999 cor 1 2001 e iso iec 9899 1999 cor 2 2004 e iso iec 9899 1999 cor 3 2007 e notable for deprecating the standard library function gets this standard has been withdrawn by both ansi incits 12 and iso iec 13 in favour of c11 c11 edit main article c11 c11 was officially ratified and published on december 8 2011 notable features include improved unicode support type generic expressions using the new _generic keyword a cross platform multi threading api threads h and atomic types support in both core language and the library stdatomic h one technical corrigendum has been published by iso for c11 iso iec 9899 2011 cor 1 2012 14 c17 edit main article c17 c17 was published in june 2018 15 rather than introducing new language features it only addresses defects in c11 16 c23 edit main article c23 c23 was published in october 2024 and is the current standard for the c programming language 17 c29 edit main article c29 c29 is an informal name for the next revision of the c programming language that is projected for release in 2029 other related iso publications edit as part of the standardization process iso iec also publishes technical reports and specifications related to the c language iso iec tr 19769 2004 18 on library extensions to support unicode transformation formats integrated into c11 iso iec tr 24731 1 2007 19 on library extensions to support bounds checked interfaces integrated into c11 iso iec tr 18037 2008 20 on embedded c extensions iso iec tr 24732 2009 21 on decimal floating point arithmetic superseded by iso iec ts 18661 2 2015 iso iec tr 24747 2009 22 on special mathematical functions iso iec tr 24731 2 2010 23 on library extensions to support dynamic allocation functions iso iec ts 17961 2013 24 on secure coding in c iso iec ts 18661 1 2014 25 on iec 60559 2011 compatible binary floating point arithmetic iso iec ts 18661 2 2015 26 on iec 60559 2011 compatible decimal floating point arithmetic iso iec ts 18661 3 2015 27 on iec 60559 2011 compatible interchange and extended floating point types iso iec ts 18661 4 2015 28 on iec 60559 2011 compatible supplementary functions more technical specifications are in development and pending approval including the fifth and final part of ts 18661 a software transactional memory specification and parallel library extensions 29 support from major compilers edit ansi c is supported by almost all the widely used compilers gcc and clang are two major c compilers popular today both based on the c11 with updates including changes from later specifications such as c17 30 31 any source code written only in standard c and without any hardware dependent assumptions is virtually guaranteed to compile correctly on any platform with a conforming c implementation without such precautions most programs may compile only on a certain platform or with a particular compiler due for example to the use of non standard libraries such as gui libraries or to the reliance on compiler or platform specific attributes such as the exact size of certain data types and byte endianness compliance detectability edit to mitigate the differences between k r c and the ansi c standard the __stdc__ standard c macro can be used to split code into ansi and k r sections if defined __stdc__ __stdc__ extern int getopt int char const const char else extern int getopt endif in the above example a prototype is used in a function declaration for ansi compliant implementations while an obsolescent non prototype declaration is used otherwise those are still ansi compliant as of c99 note how this code checks both definition and evaluation this is because some implementations may set __stdc__ to zero to indicate non ansi compliance 32 compiler support edit list of compilers supporting ansi c acornsoft ansi c first version in 1988 revised in 1989 amsterdam compiler kit c k r and c89 90 arm realview clang full c89 c90 and c99 partial c11 c17 c23 and c2y using llvm backend gcc full c89 90 c99 c11 c17 c23 and some of experimental incomplete c2y hp c ansi c compiler c89 and c99 33 ibm xl c c c11 starting with version 12 1 34 intel s icc later versions are based on clang and have its support labwindows cvi lcc oracle developer studio openwatcom c89 90 and some c99 pelles c c99 and c11 windows only 35 vbcc c89 90 and c99 tiny c compiler c89 90 and some c99 see also edit computer programming portal behavioral description language compatibility of c and c references edit brad kelechava 2017 09 14 the origin of ansi c and iso c retrieved 2018 08 14 richard hale shaw 13 september 1988 standard c the ansi draft grows up pc magazine vol 7 no 15 pp 116 117 retrieved 15 november 2022 standards using the gnu compiler collection gcc retrieved 2012 06 24 incits iso iec 9899 www techstreet com retrieved 2018 10 03 iso iec 9899 1990 programming languages c retrieved 2012 06 24 clive d w feather 2010 09 12 a brief description of normative addendum 1 iso iec 9899 1990 amd 1 1995 international organization for standardization 2013 03 22 gnu gcc 15 2 manual free software foundation 2025 iso iec 9899 1990 cor 1 1994 iso retrieved 2019 01 21 iso iec 9899 1990 cor 2 1996 iso retrieved 2019 01 21 iso iec 9899 1999 iso retrieved 2019 01 21 incits iso iec 9899 2012 ansi iso iec 9899 1999 programming languages c retrieved 2012 06 24 iso iec 9899 2011 cor 1 2012 international organization for standardization iso iec 9899 2018 information technology programming languages c www iso org the standard c www iso 9899 info iso iec 9899 2024 information technology programming languages c iso iec tr 19769 2004 international organization for standardization iso iec tr 24731 1 2007 international organization for standardization iso iec tr 18037 2008 international organization for standardization iso iec tr 24732 2009 international organization for standardization iso iec tr 24747 2009 international organization for standardization iso iec tr 24731 2 2010 international organization for standardization iso iec ts 17961 2013 international organization for standardization iso iec ts 18661 1 2014 international organization for standardization iso iec ts 18661 2 2015 international organization for standardization iso iec ts 18661 3 2015 international organization for standardization iso iec ts 18661 4 2015 international organization for standardization experimental c features cppreference com retrieved 16 january 2016 2 language standards supported by gcc 2 1 c language using the gnu compiler collection gcc gcc the gnu compiler collection retrieved 2019 02 05 language compatibility clang c language family frontend for llvm retrieved 2019 02 05 standard predefined macro names www ibm com retrieved 2019 04 10 hp c ansi c developer s bundle retrieved 2015 07 12 support for iso c11 added to ibm xl c c compilers link to pelles c pages further reading edit schreiner axel tobias 1993 object oriented programming with ansi c hanser isbn 3 446 17426 5 external links edit iso c working group draft ansi c standard ansi x3j11 88 090 may 13 1988 third public review draft ansi c rationale ansi x3j11 88 151 nov 18 1988 c information bulletin 1 ansi x3j11 93 007 may 27 1992 ansi c yacc grammar ansi c grammar lex specification v t e international organization for standardization iso standards list of iso standards iso romanizations iec standards 1 9999 1 2 3 4 6 7 9 16 17 31 0 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 68 1 128 216 217 226 228 233 259 261 262 302 306 361 500 518 519 639 1 2 3 5 6 646 657 668 690 704 732 764 838 843 860 898 965 999 1000 1004 1007 1073 1 1073 2 1155 1413 1538 1629 1745 1989 2014 2015 2022 2033 2047 2108 2145 2146 2240 2281 2533 2709 2711 2720 2788 2848 2852 2921 3029 3103 3166 1 2 3 3297 3307 3601 3602 3864 3901 3950 3977 4031 4157 4165 4217 4909 5127 5218 5426 5427 5428 5725 5775 5776 5800 5807 5964 6166 6344 6346 6373 6385 6425 6429 6438 6523 6709 6862 6943 7001 7002 7010 7027 7064 7098 7185 7200 7498 1 7637 7736 7810 7811 7812 7813 7816 7942 8000 8093 8178 8217 8373 8501 1 8571 8583 8601 8613 8632 8651 8652 8691 8802 5 8805 8806 8807 8820 5 8859 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 i 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 8879 9000 9001 9036 9075 9126 9141 9227 9241 9293 9314 9362 9407 9496 9506 9529 9564 9592 9593 9594 9660 9797 1 9897 9899 9945 9984 9985 9995 10000 19999 10006 10007 10116 10118 3 10160 10161 10165 10179 10206 10218 10279 10303 11 21 22 28 238 10367 10383 10585 10589 10628 10646 10664 10746 10861 10957 10962 10967 11073 11170 11172 11179 11404 11544 11783 11784 11785 11801 11889 11898 11940 2 11941 11941 tr 11992 12006 12052 12182 12207 12234 2 12620 12944 13211 1 2 13216 13250 13399 13406 2 13450 13485 13490 13567 13568 13584 13616 13816 13818 13849 14000 14006 14031 14051 14223 14224 14289 14396 14443 14496 2 3 6 10 11 12 14 17 20 14555 14617 14644 14649 14651 14698 14755 14764 14882 14971 15022 15118 15189 15288 15291 15398 15408 15444 3 9 15445 15438 15489 15504 15511 15686 15693 15706 2 15707 15897 15919 15924 15926 15926 wip 15930 15938 16023 16262 16355 1 16485 16610 16612 2 16750 16949 ts 17024 17025 17100 17203 17369 17442 17506 17799 17800 18004 18014 18181 18245 18629 18760 18916 19005 19011 19092 1 2 19114 19115 19125 19136 19407 19439 19500 19501 19502 19503 19505 19506 19507 19508 19509 19510 19600 19650 19752 19757 19770 19775 1 19794 5 19831 20000 29999 20000 20022 20121 20252 20400 20802 20830 21000 21001 21047 21122 21482 21500 21778 21827 22000 22275 22300 22301 22315 22319 22322 22380 22381 22382 22392 22395 22396 22537 23000 23003 23008 23009 23090 3 23092 23094 1 23094 2 23270 23271 23360 23941 24517 24613 24617 24707 24728 25178 25964 26000 26262 26300 26324 27000 series 27000 27001 27002 27003 27004 27005 27006 27007 27017 27018 27019 27040 27729 28000 29110 29119 29148 29199 2 29500 30000 30170 31000 31010 32000 33001 37001 37120 38500 39001 39075 40230 40240 40250 40260 40314 40500 42010 45001 50001 55000 56000 80000 category v t e iec standards iec 60027 60034 60038 60062 60063 60068 60079 60112 60228 60269 60297 60309 60320 60364 60446 60559 60601 60870 60870 5 60870 6 60906 1 60908 60929 60958 60980 344 61030 61131 61131 3 61131 9 61158 61162 61334 61355 61360 61400 61499 61508 61511 61784 61850 61851 61883 61960 619...