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he mother nazi era nazi germany s eugenics laws severely punished abortion for women belonging to the aryan race but permitted abortion on wider and more explicit grounds than before if the fetus was believed to be deformed or disabled or if termination otherwise was deemed desirable on eugenic grounds such as the child or either parent suspected of being carrier of a genetic disease sterilization of the parents also took place in some such cases in cases where the parents were jewish abortion was also not punished 2 3 the severest abortion prohibitions were incorporated into law on 9 march 1943 section 218 stated that a woman who kills her fetus or permits such a killing by another will be punished by a prison sentence and in especially serious cases by penitentiary an attempt is punishable whoever else kills the fetus of a pregnant woman will be punished by a penitentiary sentence in milder cases by prison if the perpetrator through such deeds continuously impairs the vitality of the german nation the death penalty is imposed whoever procures for the pregnant woman a means or objects for killing the fetus will be punished by prison sentence and in especially serious cases by penitentiary during world war ii abortion policy in nazi germany varied depending on the people group and territory the policy was directed at the commonality between policies was its purpose in promoting the birth rate and population of the aryan race and minimizing the population of others such as slavs and those deemed a burden on german society such as the children of disabled and mentally ill persons forced abortions of ostarbeiter for instance was referenced in documents from the trials of war criminals before the nuremberg military tribunals it has been categorized as a part of nazi germany s systematic program of genocide aimed at the destruction of foreign nations and ethnic groups 4 while abortion had been punished by the law in poland previously under nazi occupation these prohibitions were removed and abortion was instead encouraged subject to whether the child had a german father or could be racially germanized similarly the policy for eastern female workers was that pregnancy may be interrupted if the pregnant woman so desired which gave the appearance of consent on behalf of the mother for pregnancies of non german woman whether an abortion would be permitted also depended on the mother s nationality but primarily turned on whether the father was german or if the mother was of a race that could be germanized if the child was deemed to be of a race that could contribute to the german race and the father was german then an abortion or as described in nazi documents an interruption of pregnancy would likely not be permitted such determinations were made by the race and settlement main office rusha who would determine the fate of the child 5 post war after world war ii abortion remained broadly illegal throughout both german states west germany reinstated the legal situation of 1927 the legal requirements in the west were extremely strict and often led women to seek abortions elsewhere particularly in the netherlands it has been estimated that about 2 million women had abortions each year between 1945 and 1948 mostly in the soviet zone 6 most of these terminations were the result of rape committed by the soviet army 7 an abortion cost around 1 000 marks and was performed without anaesthesia 6000 berlin women died each year in the soviet zone from resulting complications 6 all east german states except saxony anhalt allowed abortion for social reasons in 1947 and 1948 because this went against the sed s population growth policy access to abortions was severely restricted in 1950 with the official motivation of protecting mothers and children and for women s rights the 1950 abortion law promoted large families terminations of pregnancy were only allowed if the mother s health were endangered or if the father or mother suffered from a hereditary disease 8 on 6 june 1971 the cover of the west german magazine stern ran with the headline we ve had abortions german wir haben abgetrieben and featured the pictures of 30 women who had done so 9 374 women some but not all of whom had a high public profile publicly confessed that they had had pregnancies terminated which at that time was illegal they challenged 218 and asserted their right to abortion 10 in the years following publication several of the participants admitted they had not actually had an abortion including alice schwarzer who stated that it was irrelevant because we would have done it if we d had an unwanted pregnancy 11 east germany legalized elective abortion until 12 weeks of pregnancy in 1972 in the volkskammer s only non unanimous vote ever in the first 40 years of its existence after west germany followed suit in 1974 its new law was struck down in 1975 by the constitutional court as inconsistent with the human rights guarantee of the constitution it held that the unborn has a right to life that abortion is an act of killing and that the fetus deserves legal protection throughout its development citation needed nevertheless the legal opinion strongly hinted that increasing the number of situations in which abortion was legal might be constitutional citation needed in east germany female vertragsarbeiter foreign workers were not allowed to become pregnant during their stay if they did they were forced to have an abortion 12 13 or faced deportation in 1976 west germany revised abortion law according to the new modifications to 218 penalties for abortions are not enforced on doctors and patients when several conditions are met terminations must be no later than twelve weeks of pregnancy or must be performed for reasons of medical necessity sexual crimes or serious social or emotional distress if approved by two doctors and subject to counseling and a three day waiting period in 1989 a bavarian doctor was sentenced to two and a half years in prison and 137 of his patients were fined for failing to meet the certification requirements citation needed the two laws had to be reconciled after reunification a new law was passed by the bundestag in 1992 permitting first trimester elective abortion subject to counseling and a three day waiting period and permitting late term abortions when the physical or psychological health of the woman is seriously threatened the law was quickly challenged in court by a number of individuals including chancellor helmut kohl and by the state of bavaria the constitutional court decided a year later to maintain its earlier decision that the constitution protected the fetus from the moment of conception but stated that it is within the discretion of parliament not to punish abortion in the first trimester citation needed provided that the woman had submitted to state regulated counseling intended to discourage termination and protect fetal life parliament passed such a law in 1995 citation needed abortions are covered by public health insurance if the pregnancy was caused by sexual abuse such as rape or if the mother s health is seriously endangered by the pregnancy for women with low income the state governments pay for an abortion 14 in 2022 the olaf scholz coalition of social democrats greens and liberals repealed paragraph 219a together with votes from the left 15 this allowed medical professionals to state on their websites what kinds of abortion procedures they offer 16 statistics 17 year 1996 2001 2006 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 total abortions 130 899 134 964 119 710 108 867 106 815 102 802 99 715 99 237 98 721 101 209 100 986 100 893 99 948 94 596 103 927 live births 796 013 734 475 672 724 662 685 673 544 682 069 714 927 737 575 792 141 784 901 787 523 778 090 773 144 795 492 738 856 abortions per 1 000 births live 164 4 183 8 177 9 164 3 158 6 150 7 139 5 134 5 124 6 128 9 128 2 129 7 129 3 118 9 140 7 abortions per 1 000 women 15 44 years 7 65 8 04 7 42 7 52 7 45 7 23 7 05 6 98 6 96 7 13 7 10 7 08 7 03 6 65 7 15 number of women 15 44 years in tsd 17 109 16 783 16 133 14 480 14 337 14 216 14 146 14 215 14 182 14 188 14 222 14 240 14 212 14 215 14 545 by marital status single 53 195 62 806 61 919 61 654 60 993 58 810 57 584 57 234 56 069 57 294 58 366 58 070 57 814 55 059 60 602 married 68 524 63 686 51 119 42 153 40 742 39 355 37 628 37 659 38 529 39 669 38 712 38 727 38 286 35 961 39 656 widowed 760 555 382 207 222 213 195 228 214 188 174 198 182 182 199 divorced 8 420 7 917 6 290 4 853 4 858 4 424 4 308 4 116 3 909 4 058 3 734 3 898 3 666 3 394 3 470 abortion numbers had been falling over the last 25 years there were 130 000 135 000 per year between 1996 and 2002 but this had fallen to a low of fewer than 99 000 abortions in 2016 and since then stabilized at around 100 000 abortions yearly 18 as of 2018 update the abortion rate was 129 abortions per 1 000 live births 19 legislation abortion is illegal under section 218 of the german criminal code and punishable by up to three years in prison or up to five years for reckless abortions or those against the pregnant woman s will section 218a of the german criminal code called exception to liability for abortion makes an exception for abortions with counseling in the first trimester and for medically necessary abortions and abortions due to unlawful sexual acts such as sexual abuse of a minor or rape thereafter 20 21 all abortions in germany must be performed by a medical doctor 21 references henry p david jochen fleischhacker and charlotte hohn march 1988 abortion and eugenics in nazi germany population and development review 14 1 81 112 doi 10 2307 1972501 jstor 1972501 pmid 11655915 ferree myra marx 2002 shaping abortion discourse democracy and the public sphere in germany and the united states cambridge university press isbn 9780521793841 grossmann atina 1997 reforming sex the german movement for birth control and abortion reform 1920 1950 oxford university press isbn 9780195363517 trials of war criminals before the nuernberg military tribunals under control council law no 10 volume 4 1947 pp 609 610 tuomala jeffrey 1 january 2011 nuremberg and the crime of abortion pdf university of toledo law review 42 283 1 2 richie alexandra 1998 faust s metropolis new york carroll graf p 617 isbn 0 7867 0510 8 the russian soldiers raped every german female from eight to 80 the guardian may 17 2003 retrieved 2025 09 25 department of the army 1964 u s army handbook for germany american university washington d c pp 178 179 stern 6 june 1971 the cover archived from the original on 10 june 2007 retrieved 12 june 2019 grossbölting thomas 2013 der verlorene himmel glaube in deutschland seit 1945 göttingen vandenhoeck ruprecht isbn 978 3 525 30040 4 kramm jutta 6 june 2001 zwei leben two lives berliner zeitung in german archived from the original on 22 february 2014 retrieved 8 may 2025 schwarzer selbst bestätigt dass sie wie einige wenige nicht abgetrieben hatte aber das spielte keine rolle sagt sie wir hätten es getan wenn wir ungewollt schwanger geworden wären das selbstbekenntnis war kein moralischer sondern ein politischer akt schwarzer herself confirms that she like a few others did not have an abortion but that didn t matter she says we would have done it if we d had an unwanted pregnancy self confession was not a moral act but a political one weiss karin 2011 die einbindung ehemaliger vietnamesischer vertragsarbeiterinnen und vertragsarbeiter in strukturen der selbstorganisation in zwengel almut ed die gastarbeiter der ddr politischer kontext und lebenswelt studien zur ddr gesellschaft vol xiii lit verlag münster p 264 isbn 978 3 643 10640 7 pfohl manuela 1 october 2008 vietnamesen in deutschland phuongs traum stern retrieved 18 october 2008 schwangerschaftsabbruch aok retrieved 5 september 2017 hausding götz 24 june 2022 deutscher bundestag werbeverbot für schwangerschaftsabbrüche gestrichen deutscher bundestag in german retrieved 13 november 2022 paragraf 219a ist endlich aufgehoben bundestagsfraktion bündnis 90 die grünen in german 19 july 2022 retrieved 13 november 2022 zusammenstellung schwangerschaftsabbrüche in deutschland statistisches bundesamt retrieved 6 july 2023 abortion numbers in germany 1996 2020 statista com retrieved 8 may 2025 abortion rate in europe 2018 statista retrieved 6 december 2021 strafgesetzbuch stgb 218 219 strafgesetzbuch in german retrieved 30 september 2019 via buzer de 1 2 german criminal code strafgesetzbuch stgb gesetze im internet de federal ministry of justice and consumer protection retrieved 6 december 2021 further reading kommers donald p 1977 abortion and constitution united states and west germany the american journal of comparative law 25 2 255 285 doi 10 2307 839841 jstor 839841 pmid 11663731 richter jeffrey s 1998 infanticide child abandonment and abortion in imperial germany the journal of interdisciplinary history 28 4 511 551 jstor 206235 tichenor kimba allie 2014 protecting unborn life in the secular age the catholic church and the west german abortion debate 1969 1989 central european history 47 3 612 645 doi 10 1017 s0008938914001666 jstor 43280659 external links in german texts of 218 and 218a published by the federal ministry of justice in cooperation with a federally controlled commercial legal information provider in english translation of 218 ff published by the federal ministry of justice in cooperation with a federally controlled commercial legal information provider gorby jd 1976 introduction to the translation of the abortion decision of the federal constitutional court of the federal republic of germany john marshall j pract proced 9 3 557 94 pmid 11663651 v t e abortion in europe sovereign states albania andorra armenia austria azerbaijan belarus belgium bosnia and herzegovina bulgaria croatia cyprus czech republic denmark estonia finland france georgia germany greece hungary iceland ireland italy kazakhstan latvia liechtenstein lithuania luxembourg malta moldova monaco montenegro netherlands north macedonia norway poland portugal romania russia san marino serbia slovakia slovenia spain sweden switzerland turkey ukraine united kingdom england northern ireland scotland wales vatican city states with limited recognition abkhazia kosovo northern cyprus south ossetia transnistria v t e abortion main topics definitions history methods abortion debate philosophical aspects abortion law movements abortion rights movements anti abortion movements issues abortion and mental health beginning of human personhood beginning of pregnancy controversy abortion breast cancer hypothesis anti abortion violence abortion under communism birth control crisis pregnancy center ethical aspects of abortion eugenics forced abortion genetics and abortion late term abortion legal protection of access legalized abortion and crime effect libertarian perspectives on abortion limit of viability live births following abortion attempts ...