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u ft and the concentration of calcium ranged from 11 00 to 15 00 milligrams per liter 0 01099 to 0 01498 oz cu ft the concentration of recoverable iron was once measured to be 160 micrograms per liter 0 00016 oz cu ft the concentration of chloride ranged form 8 3 to 17 0 milligrams per liter 0 0083 to 0 0170 oz cu ft and the concentration of sulfate ranged from 14 0 to 22 0 milligrams per liter 0 0140 to 0 0220 oz cu ft 8 the peak annual discharge of abrahams creek at us route 11 has a 10 percent chance of reaching 1 200 cubic feet per second 34 m 3 s it has a 2 percent chance of reaching 2 250 cubic feet per second 64 m 3 s and a 1 percent chance of reaching 2 900 cubic feet per second 82 m 3 s the peak annual discharge has a 0 2 percent chance of reaching 5 050 cubic feet per second 143 m 3 s 9 the peak annual discharge of abrahams creek 2 000 feet 610 m upstream of us route 11 has a 10 percent chance of reaching 980 cubic feet per second 28 m 3 s it has a 2 percent chance of reaching 1 850 cubic feet per second 52 m 3 s and a 1 percent chance of reaching 2 400 cubic feet per second 68 m 3 s the peak annual discharge has a 0 2 percent chance of reaching 4 200 cubic feet per second 120 m 3 s the peak annual discharge of abrahams creek at its mouth has a 10 percent chance of reaching 950 cubic feet per second 27 m 3 s it has a 2 percent chance of reaching 1 650 cubic feet per second 47 m 3 s and a 1 percent chance of reaching 1 950 cubic feet per second 55 m 3 s the peak annual discharge has a 0 2 percent chance of reaching 2 600 cubic feet per second 74 m 3 s 9 the specific conductance of abrahams creek near dallas ranged from 83 to 185 micro siemens per centimeter at 25 c 77 f in the early 1970s the creek s ph was close to neutral ranging from 6 6 to 7 3 the concentration of water hardness ranged from 36 to 53 milligrams per liter 0 036 to 0 053 oz cu ft 8 as of 2007 the 20 year average annual precipitation rate is 41 63 inches 105 7 cm per year the 20 year average annual runoff rate is 3 46 inches 8 8 cm per year 4 in the early 1970s the water temperature of the creek near dallas in several measurements ranged from 8 to 22 c 46 to 72 f 8 geography and geology edit the elevation near the mouth of abrahams creek is 522 feet 159 m above sea level 10 the elevation of the creek s source is between 1 140 and 1 160 feet 350 and 350 m above sea level 1 the highest point in the watershed is on bunker hill at slightly over 1 500 feet 460 m above sea level the lowest point in the watershed is at the creek s mouth 5 there are plains to the north of abrahams creek 11 wetlands known as the abrahams creek wetlands are in the vicinity of the creek they consist of several ponds along the side of the creek in franklin township kingston township and dallas township the wetlands are listed on the luzerne county natural areas inventory 12 the creek is in entirely in the ridge and valley physiographic province specifically the anthracite valley section 5 4 the bunker hill mount lookout ridge crosses the watershed and divides it into two drainage basins the upper abrahams creek watershed which consists of rolling hills and the lower abrahams creek watershed which is on a natural debris fan and the old floodplain of the susquehanna river between the two is the hollow a narrow canyon flowing through the ridge 5 the course of abrahams creek has been altered by flood control projects 3 there is a sediment retention structure on the creek at the lower end of the hollow large portions of the creek especially in its lower reaches have undergone full stream channelization with the stream channel being hardened by concrete or rock in west wyoming a nearly mile long stretch is lined with concrete in the early 20th century part of the creek above the hollow had grouted stone walls which were completed in the 1930s 5 in the abrahams creek watershed 94 percent of the rock is interbedded sedimentary rock the remaining 6 percent is sandstone 4 the main rock formations in the watershed of abrahams creek include the catskill formation the llwellyn formation the pottsville group the mauch chunk formation and the pocono formation these formations mainly consist of coal limestone sandstone shale and siltstone the catskill formation mainly occurs in the watershed s upper reaches the mauch chunk formation the pocono formation and the pottsville group occur under the bunker hill mount lookout ridge the llwellyn formation also occurs there in addition to underlying the floodplain in the watershed a considerable area in the watershed has been strip mined 5 the main soils in the watershed of abrahams creek include the chenango pope holly soil the lackawanna arnot morris soil the udorthents urban land volusia soil and the volusia mardin lordstown soil 4 the watershed s soils are in mostly the hydrologic soil groups b and c 5 however the hydrological soil group d is also present 4 watershed edit the watershed of abrahams creek has an area of 17 4 square miles 45 km 2 2 the creek s mouth is in the united states geological survey quadrangle of pittston however its source is in the quadrangle of kingston 10 there are approximately 25 miles 40 km of open stream channels in the watershed the creek s watershed is situated in the northeastern part of luzerne county and occupies portions of nine municipalities exeter forty fort swoersville west wyoming wyoming dallas township exeter township franklin township and kingston township the watershed is described as being hourglass shaped in the abrahams creek watershed assessment and project prioritization 5 a total of 80 percent of the abrahams creek watershed is rural and 20 percent is urbanized the lower reaches of the watershed contain most of the urbanization its upper reaches contain second growth forest small patches of residential land linear hedgerows and agricultural land such as hay pastures pastures and farmland the bunker hill mount lookout ridge is too steep to be developed but many other areas of the watershed could easily be urbanized the mining affected land in the watershed is in west wyoming 5 a total of 51 percent of the watershed of abrahams creek consists of forested land a total of 26 percent of the watershed consists of agricultural land and 18 percent is developed the remaining 2 percent consists of disturbed land 4 abrahams creek is the main source of flooding in west wyoming forty fort and swoyersville sheet flooding can occur when the creek floods over eighth street there is a flood protection project for the creek in west wyoming this protection is capable of withstanding 100 year floods the slocum dam which is upstream of west wyoming also helps to reduce flooding on the creek 9 however localized flooding and ponding frequently affect its lower reaches the creek has been experienced extensive modifications such as narrowing and riprap installation in the hollow to accommodate west eighth street 5 abrahams creek flows through frances slocum state park and passes through frances slocum lake a flood control lake with a volume of half a billion gallons 12 13 most of the upper reaches of the watershed drain into the lake 5 the creek is also dammed in this location 12 the lake was created in 1965 by the construction of an earthen dam across the creek 14 a pond known as burketts pond is on a tributary of the creek it is partially filled and has a decaying stone dam if the dam collapsed damage could potentially reach up to 2 miles 3 2 km downstream there are numerous other dammed ponds in the watershed s upper reaches historically wetlands formed the sources of many headwater streams in the area but many have been drained or flooded by impoundments 5 the watershed of abrahams creek is continuing to become more developed but at a slower rate than it has in the past the lower reaches of the watershed are the most heavily urbanized while the upper reaches are still largely rural this has been the case as early 1893 the upper reaches of the watershed have a dendritic drainage system 5 abrahams creek is one of 19 streams in luzerne county to be designated for stormwater management 15 history name and etymology edit abrahams creek was entered into the geographic names information system on august 2 1979 its identifier in the geographic names information system is 1200061 the creek is also known as abraham creek abraham s creek abram creek or abrams creek 10 the name abraham s creek was once the official name of the creek it was also referred to by this name in an 1860 map 11 historically the mohicans had a settlement on the banks of abrahams creek the creek is named after abraham a chief of that village 11 extensive logging and intense agriculture were historically done in the watershed of abrahams creek the area was already beginning to experience road encroachment as early as 1893 5 several bridges have been built over abrahams creek a concrete slab bridge carrying state route 1021 east eighth street was built in 1925 it is 38 1 feet 11 6 m long and is situated in west wyoming a concrete stringer bridge carrying state route 1010 was constructed over the creek in 1929 this bridge is 30 8 feet 9 4 m long and is also situated in west wyoming a concrete tee beam carrying us route 11 was built in 1939 it is 39 0 feet 11 9 m long and is situated in forty fort another bridge carrying us route 11 was built in wyoming in 1953 it is a 14 span steel culvert bridge with a length of 112 9 feet 34 4 m a 2 span concrete tee beam bridge was constructed over the creek in 1962 in wyoming it is 76 1 feet 23 2 m long and carries state route 1021 a steel culvert bridge carrying state route 1044 was built in 1965 it is 22 0 feet 6 7 m long and situated in kingston township a prestressed box beam bridge carrying state route 1036 carverton road was constructed over the creek in 1976 this bridge is 42 0 feet 12 8 m long and is situated in kingston township 16 four bridges over the creek are classified as being structurally deficient as of 2007 17 the entire watershed of abrahams creek including all of the streams and wetlands has been significantly modified by both historical and modern land uses in the area the natural surface water hydrology of the watershed was substantially modified by projects of the united states army corps of engineers and the pennsylvania department of environmental protection from the 1950s until the 1990s the sediment retention structure in the hollow was constructed in the 1970s 5 abrahams creek has a watershed association known as the abrahams creek watershed association 5 it was awarded the watershed stewardship award by the luzerne conservation district in 2009 18 the organization also received a 5000 grand from american water for improving water quality adding riparian buffers and other projects 19 damaging flooding in 2006 caused the abrahams creek watershed assessment and project prioritization to be created 5 the creek was used as a reference watershed by the pennsylvania department of environmental protection when developing a total maximum daily load for the nearby solomon creek 4 biology edit nearly all of the watershed of abrahams creek is biologically degraded with the only exceptions being several headwater streams however the upper part of the watershed is less severely degraded than the lower reaches 5 the drainage basin of abrahams creek is designated as a coldwater fishery and a migratory fishery 20 wild trout naturally reproduce in a section of a tributary of the creek in west wyoming this stretch is 1 87 miles 3 01 km long 21 there is an herbaceous wetland along abrahams creek just upstream of where it enters frances slocum lake further to the north there is a flooded forested wetland 12 the creek has a substantial riparian buffer upstream of frances slocum lake 5 the plant species carex disperma inhabits the area bird species such as virginia rail and sora inhabit the area as well 12 see also edit mill creek next tributary of the susquehanna river going downriver lackawanna river next tributary of the susquehanna river going upriver list of rivers of pennsylvania references edit 1 2 3 4 united states geological survey the national map viewer archived from the original on march 29 2012 retrieved february 27 2015 1 2 pennsylvania gazetteer of streams pdf november 2 2001 p 27 archived from the original pdf on september 17 2015 retrieved february 27 2015 1 2 michael baker jr november 2013 hicks creek and abrahams creek detailed feasibility analysis exeter borough luzerne county pa final report pdf pp 8 9 25 archived from the original pdf on april 2 2015 retrieved february 28 2015 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 pennsylvania department of environmental protection march 26 2007 final solomon creek watershed tmdl luzerne county pdf pp 14 15 17 archived from the original pdf on april 2 2015 retrieved february 28 2015 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 skelly and loy inc june 2012 abrahams creek watershed assessment and project prioritization pdf pp 1 15 18 21 25 26 28 29 32 34 37 39 40 55 63 archived from the original pdf on april 13 2015 retrieved february 28 2015 c a billingsley b a anderson 1976 surface water supply of the united states 1966 70 p 244 united states geological survey usgs 01536213 abrahams creek at west wyoming pa archived from the original on april 2 2015 retrieved february 28 2015 1 2 3 4 united states geological survey usgs 01536200 abrahams creek near dallas pa archived from the original on march 4 2016 retrieved february 28 2015 1 2 3 federal emergency management agency flood insurance study volume 1 of 6 luzerne county pennsylvania all jurisdictions pdf pp 23 35 46 archived from the original pdf on april 2 2015 retrieved february 28 2015 1 2 3 geographic names information system feature detail report for abrahams creek retrieved february 27 2015 1 2 3 robert l williams may 10 1949 pa_1200061_002_abrahams creek_cor_1949 pdf retrieved february 28 2015 permanent dead link 1 2 3 4 5 pennsylvania natural heritage program western pennsylvania conservancy 2006 a natural areas inventory luzerne county pennsylvania update 2006 pdf pp 57 109 archived pdf from the original on september 3 2014 retrieved february 28 2015 bulletin of the atomic scientists april 1973 p 32 aqua link inc november 2010 frances slocum lake abrahams creek watershed implementation plan pdf archived from the original pdf on may 1 2017 retrieved february 28 2015 index of designated watersheds stormwater management p 7 retrieved february 28 2015 luzerne county archived from the original on april 2 2015 retrieved february 28 2015 earlier this year the state department of transportation released a list of structurally deficient bridges the following are the bridges listed in luzerne county times leader 2007 archived from the original on april 2 2015 retrieved february 28 2015 luzerne conservation district 2009 annual report pdf p 8 archived from the original pdf on march 4 2016 retrieved february 16...