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top 1 history 2 advantages and drawbacks 3 configurations 4 fluids selection toggle fluids selection subsection 4 1 refrigerants 4 2 absorbents 5 see also 6 references 7 external links toggle the table of contents absorption compression heat pump 1 language italiano edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia type of heat pump this article is about details on the integration of two types of heat pump for more general information see heat pump an absorption compression heat pump achp also sometimes called compression absorption heat pump is a device that integrates an electric compressor in an absorption heat pump in some cases this is obtained by combining a vapor compression heat pump and an absorption heat pump it is also referred to as a hybrid heat pump 1 which is however a broader field thanks to this integration the device can obtain cooling and heating effects using both thermal and electrical energy sources 2 3 this type of systems is well coupled with cogeneration systems where both heat and electricity are produced depending on the configuration the system can maximize heating and cooling production from a given amount of fuel or can improve the temperature hence the quality of waste heat from other processes 4 this second use is the most studied one and has been applied to several industrial applications 5 history edit 1748 the first absorption compression heat pump cycle concept was patented by osenbrück 5 little research on it was done in the following years 1950 1951 altenkirch performed a detailed theoretical study identifying the cycle as having a significant energy saving potential 6 1970 2000 with the oil crisis in the 70s the energy saving potential of the cycle grew in interest and there was a rapid increase in research activities in the field 5 in this period several experimental plants were built and in 1997 groll summarized this activities in its review where he identified more than 40 studies 7 at that time considerable work was still needed before the achp could become commercially available 2011 nordtvedt studied the cycle in his doctoral thesis and his studies ended up in the construction in 2011 of the first commercial application in the norwegian food industry 8 after this several units have been installed for commercial use in various high temperature industrial applications 5 advantages and drawbacks edit p t diagram showing the temperature gliding in binary heat pump this behaviour increase the efficiency of achp ammonia toxicity is the main drawback of achp the main advantage with respect to compression heat pump is that the compression absorption heat pumps allow the heat to be transfer with a temperature glide the compression heat pump uses a single pure working fluid hence exchanges heat at a constant temperature the absorption compression heat pump uses instead a binary mixture where the condensation and evaporation occur with a temperature glide this property increases the efficiency of the heat transfer when the heat source also has a significant temperature glide which is the typical condition found when dealing with waste heat recovery 4 being a hybrid solution that can exploit both heat and mechanical electric energy sources the device can be perfectly coupled with cogeneration units to produce heating and cooling at very high efficiencies 9 moreover it makes the system more flexible allowing the optimization of the mix of electricity and thermal energy their availability vary in fact along the day and the year therefore the flexibility allow to reduce the operating costs 9 the main drawback of this technology is that to achieve good performances they typically need to employ ammonia which is very toxic and flammable this drawback resulted in the fact that these applications remained limited to the industrial sector where it is more practical dealing with dangerous fluids 3 configurations edit conceptual scheme of combined absorption and vapour compression heat pump with compressor in parallel to the absorption cycle pump also known as osenbrück cycle conceptual scheme of a combined absorption and vapour compression refrigeration system where the two cycles share the condenser lamination valve and evaporation part of the cycle the most studied configuration is the so called compression heat pump with solution cycle chps or compression resorption heat pump crhp 10 where the compressor is in parallel to the electric pump located between the absorber and the desorber 4 this configuration is used to increase the temperature of waste heat since it allow high absorption temperature at lower pressure than compression heat pumps 11 another possible configuration for the absorption compression heat pump is obtained from the combination of a gas driven absorption heat pump gahp with a vapor compression heat pump this configuration arises from the consideration that both cycles have in common a condenser a lamination valve and an evaporator the main difference between the two is in the compression phase where the compression heat pump uses an electric compressor the gas driven absorption heat pump uses a thermal compressor 12 the achp is obtained by combining the components that are in common and using the electric and thermal compressor in parallel or in series 3 fluids selection edit compression heat pumps use only a single fluid which is a refrigerant in contrast absorption heat pump requires two fluids a refrigerant and an absorbent able to absorb it by combining the two devices proper refrigerant absorbent pairs compatible with both the cycles are needed refrigerants edit there is a wide choice of refrigerants available for compression heat pumps the absorption cycle is the one limiting the choice of the refrigerant the most common refrigerants for absorption systems are ammonia and water 13 both are good for combined absorption compression heat pumps 14 15 ammonia has an exceptionally good solubility in water this is an important aspect that increases the performance and decreases the size of the device however its high toxicity and flammability reduces its attractiveness 3 water is a very attractive refrigerant because it is abundant non toxic non flammable and highly soluble in lithium bromide libr the main issue with water is that at the typical heat pump evaporator pressures it freezes at 0 c this makes water unsuitable for the applications where the cold sink goes below 0 c which is the typical winter operating condition of an air source heat pump 16 absorbents edit the absorbent and refrigerant are strictly related to each other in the case that ammonia is used as refrigerant the most common absorbent is water in the case that water is used as refrigerant as previously mentioned the absorbent is usually libr ionic liquids have also been proposed as good absorbents especially for water as refrigerant 3 the main advantages of these salts is that they can be used under the conditions at which libr solution runs the risk of crystallization and they are less corrosive 17 see also edit absorption heat pump heat pump vapor compression refrigeration references edit hultén magnus berntsson thore 1999 the compression absorption cycle influence of some major parameters on cop and a comparison with the compression cycle international journal of refrigeration 22 2 91 106 doi 10 1016 s0140 7007 98 00047 4 issn 0140 7007 swinney j jones w e wilson j a 2001 a novel hybrid absorption compression refrigeration cycle international journal of refrigeration 24 3 208 219 doi 10 1016 s0140 7007 00 00025 6 issn 0140 7007 1 2 3 4 5 wo2006124776a2 shiflett mark brandon yokozeki akimichi hybrid vapor compression absorption cycle issued 2006 11 23 1 2 3 b wersland m h kvalsvik k m bantle 2017 off design of high temperature compression absorption heat pump 7th conference on ammonia and co2 refrigeration technology proceedings ohrid north macedonia may 11 13 2017 doi 10 18462 iir nh3 co2 2017 0040 1 2 3 4 ahrens marcel ulrich loth maximilian tolstorebrov ignat hafner armin kabelac stephan wang ruzhu eikevik trygve magne 2021 05 19 identification of existing challenges and future trends for the utilization of ammonia water absorption compression heat pumps at high temperature operation applied sciences 11 10 4635 doi 10 3390 app11104635 hdl 11250 2756158 issn 2076 3417 mestra rodríguez álvaro miguel valles manel bourouis mahmoud coronas alberto 2003 absorption compression heat pump with organic fluid mixtures for industrial heat recovery cycle performance and first experimental results proceedings eurotherm seminar 72 397 402 isbn 978 84 931209 8 6 cite journal cs1 maint periodical has isbn link current status of absorption compression cycle 1997 iifiir org retrieved 2024 07 11 nordtvedt stein rune horntvedt bjarne r eikefjord jan johansen john 2013 hybrid heat pump for waste heat recovery in norwegian food industry thermally driven heat pumps for heating and cooling doi 10 14279 depositonce 4859 1 2 russo andrea cannelli michele rosselli carlo sasso maurizio 2015 thermodynamic analysis of compression absorption refrigeration system asme ati uit 2015 conference on thermal energy systems production storage utilization and the environment compression heat pump with solution cycle and the refrigerant mixture ammonia water institute of thermodynamics leibniz university hannover leibniz universität hannover retrieved 2024 07 10 b v de kleijn energy consulting hybrid heat pump industrialheatpumps nl in dutch retrieved 2024 07 10 kühn annett 2013 10 23 thermally driven heat pumps for heating and cooling universitätsverlag der tu berlin p 21 isbn 978 3 7983 2596 8 unkn unknown 2013 10 23 thermally driven heat pumps for heating and cooling p 19 doi 10 14279 depositonce 3726 isbn 978 3 7983 2596 8 ahlby l hodgett d l 1990 compression absorption heat pumps heat pumps elsevier pp 21 34 doi 10 1016 b978 0 08 040193 5 50017 1 isbn 978 0 08 040193 5 sun jian wang yinwu wu kexin ge zhihua yang yongping 2022 analysis of a new super high temperature hybrid absorption compression heat pump cycle energies 15 20 7515 doi 10 3390 en15207515 issn 1996 1073 alabd mohamed salem nawab karimi munawar 2019 11 01 simulation of lithium bromide water libr h2o vapor absorption system vas powered by solar flat plate collector sfpc iop conference series materials science and engineering 691 1 012031 bibcode 2019ms e 691a2031a doi 10 1088 1757 899x 691 1 012031 issn 1757 8981 kühn annett 2013 10 23 thermally driven heat pumps for heating and cooling universitätsverlag der tu berlin p 215 isbn 978 3 7983 2596 8 external links edit hybrid heat pump operating principle industrialheatpumps nl retrieved 10 july 2024 compression heat pump with solution cycle and the refrigerant mixture ammonia water institute of thermodynamics leibniz university hannover retrieved 10 july 2024 osenbrück 4 0 heat pump cycle hybrid absorption compression heat pump with ammonia water mixture as natural working fluid pdf sintef retrieved 11 july 2024 v t e heating ventilation and air conditioning fundamental concepts air changes per hour ach bake out building envelope convection dilution domestic energy consumption enthalpy fluid dynamics gas compressor heat pump and refrigeration cycle heat transfer humidity infiltration latent heat noise control outgassing particulates psychrometrics sensible heat stack effect thermal comfort thermal destratification thermal mass thermodynamics vapour pressure of water technology absorption compression heat pump absorption refrigerator air barrier air conditioning antifreeze automobile air conditioning autonomous building building insulation materials central heating central solar heating chilled beam chilled water constant air volume cav coolant cross ventilation dedicated outdoor air system doas deep water source cooling demand controlled ventilation dcv displacement ventilation district cooling district heating electric heating energy recovery ventilation erv firestop forced air forced air gas free cooling heat recovery ventilation hrv hybrid heat hydronics ice storage air conditioning kitchen ventilation mixed mode ventilation microgeneration passive cooling passive daytime radiative cooling passive house passive ventilation radiant heating and cooling radiant cooling radiant heating radon mitigation raised floor refrigeration renewable heat room air distribution solar air heat solar combisystem solar cooling solar heating thermal insulation thermosiphon underfloor air distribution underfloor heating vapor barrier vapor compression refrigeration vcrs variable air volume vav variable refrigerant flow vrf ventilation water heat recycling components air conditioner inverter air door air filter air handler air ionizer air mixing plenum air purifier air source heat pump attic fan automatic balancing valve back boiler barrier pipe blast damper boiler centrifugal fan ceramic heater chiller condensate pump condenser condensing boiler convection heater compressor cooling tower damper dehumidifier duct economizer electrostatic precipitator evaporative cooler evaporator exhaust hood expansion tank fan fan coil unit fan filter unit fan heater fire damper fireplace fireplace insert freeze stat flue freon fume hood furnace gas compressor gas heater gasoline heater grease duct grille ground coupled heat exchanger ground source heat pump heat exchanger heat pipe heat pump heating film heating system hepa high efficiency glandless circulating pump high pressure cut off switch humidifier infrared heater inverter compressor kerosene heater louver mechanical room oil heater packaged terminal air conditioner plenum space pressurisation ductwork process duct work radiator radiator reflector recuperator refrigerant register reversing valve run around coil sail switch scroll compressor solar chimney solar assisted heat pump space heater smoke canopy smoke damper smoke exhaust ductwork thermal expansion valve thermal wheel thermostatic radiator valve trickle vent trombe wall turboswing turning vanes ultra low particulate air ulpa whole house fan windcatcher wood burning stove zone valve measurement and control air flow meter aquastat bacnet blower door building automation carbon dioxide sensor clean air delivery rate cadr control valve gas detector home energy monitor humidistat hvac control system infrared thermometer intelligent buildings lonworks minimum efficiency reporting value merv normal temperature and pressure ntp opentherm programmable communicating thermostat programmable thermostat psychrometrics room temperature smart thermostat standard temperature and pressure stp thermogr...