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oggle the table of contents act of independence of lithuania 31 languages العربية asturianu žemaitėška беларуская тарашкевіца беларуская বাংলা català čeština dansk deutsch esperanto español suomi français interlingua bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 한국어 lietuvių latviešu norsk bokmål polski português română русский shqip türkçe українська tiếng việt 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia 1918 proclamation restoring the independent state of lithuania act of independence of lithuania hand written original of the document ratified february 16 1918 location rough draft house of the signatories author s jonas vileišis petras klimas mykolas biržiška steponas kairys signatories 20 representatives of the council of lithuania purpose to announce separation from the russian republic the act of independence of lithuania lithuanian lietuvos nepriklausomybės aktas or the act of february 16th 1 also the lithuanian resolution on independence lithuanian lietuvos nepriklausomybės nutarimas note 1 was signed by the council of lithuania on february 16 1918 it proclaimed independence from russia and the restoration of an independent state of lithuania governed by democratic principles with vilnius as its capital the act was signed by all twenty representatives of the council which was chaired by jonas basanavičius the act of february 16 was the result of a series of resolutions on the issue including one issued by the vilnius conference and the act of january 8 the path to the act was long and complex because the german empire exerted pressure on the council to form an alliance the council had to carefully maneuver between the germans whose troops were present in lithuania and the demands of the lithuanian people the immediate effects of the announcement of lithuania s re establishment of independence were limited publication of the act was prohibited by the german authorities and the text was distributed and printed illegally the work of the council was hindered and germans remained in control over lithuania 2 the situation changed only when germany lost world war i in the fall of 1918 in november 1918 the first cabinet of lithuania was formed and the council of lithuania gained control over the territory of lithuania 3 independent lithuania although it would soon be battling the wars of independence became a reality the laconic act is the legal basis for the existence of modern lithuania both during the interwar period and since 1990 4 the act formulated the basic constitutional principles that were and still are followed by all constitutions of lithuania the act itself was a key element in the foundation of lithuania s re establishment of independence in 1990 5 lithuania breaking away from the soviet union stressed that it was simply re establishing the independent state that existed between the world wars claiming state continuity and that the act never lost its legal power 6 historic background and council of lithuania edit main article council of lithuania lithuania had a centuries long tradition of statehood following the coronation of mindaugas the king of lithuania 7 the original 20 members of the council of lithuania after signing the act of february 16 1918 after the last partition of the polish lithuanian commonwealth in 1795 lithuania was annexed by the russian empire 8 during the 19th century both the lithuanians and the poles attempted to restore their independence lithuanians rebelled during the 1830 november uprising and the 1863 january uprising but their first real opportunity arose when both russia and germany were weakened during world war i 9 in 1915 germany occupied western parts of the russian empire after the russian revolution in 1917 germany conceived the geopolitical strategy of mitteleuropa a regional network of puppet states that would serve as a buffer zone and agreed to allow the vilnius conference hoping that it would proclaim that the lithuanian nation wanted to detach itself from russia and establish a closer relationship with germany 2 however this strategy backfired the conference held on september 18 23 1917 adopted a resolution that an independent lithuania should be established and that a closer relationship with germany would be conditional on germany s formal recognition of the new state 10 on september 21 the 214 attendees at the conference elected a 20 member council of lithuania to codify this resolution 11 the german authorities did not allow that resolution to be published but they did permit the council to proceed 2 the vilnius conference also resolved that a constituent assembly be elected in conformity with democratic principles by all the inhabitants of lithuania 12 facsimile of the act of february 16 path to the act of february 16 edit act of december 11 edit the act of december 11 was the second stage in the progression towards the final act of independence the first draft demanded by chancellor georg von hertling was prepared by the german ministry of foreign affairs on december 1 13 further changes were jointly prepared by the german chancellery and by a delegation of the council of lithuania the delegation s members were antanas smetona steponas kairys vladas mironas jurgis šaulys petras klimas and aleksandras stulginskis 14 after discussion amongst the parties a compromise was reached on the document s text the german representative kurt von lersner de insisted that not one word be changed in the agreed upon text and that all the council members sign the document 14 after the delegation returned to vilnius a session of the council was held on december 11 in order to discuss the act it was adopted without any further changes fifteen voted in favor of the act three voted against it one member abstained and one did not participate 14 it is not entirely clear whether every member of the council signed this document 14 the act was written in german and apparently no official lithuanian translation was prepared therefore different sources provide slightly different translations 14 the act of december 11 pronounced lithuania s independence but also asked the german government for protection clause 2 and called for a firm and permanent alliance with germany 10 since the act specified that the alliance was to be formed based on conventions concerning military affairs transportation customs and currency many lithuanians argued that the council had overstepped its authority the september resolution adopted by the vilnius conference clearly demanded that a constituent assembly decide these crucial matters of state 13 act of january 8 edit jonas basanavičius the chairman of the council when the act of february 16 was signed when peace talks started between germany and russia in 1918 german authorities asked the lithuanian representatives to prepare two notifications of independence one for russia in which lithuania s ties with russia would be denounced and nothing would be mentioned about an alliance with germany and a version to be released in germany that would essentially repeat the act of december 11 14 the council decided to amend the first part of the act of december 11 petras klimas included a sentence calling for the constituent assembly 15 another important development was the statement that democratic principles would be the basis of the new state s governance 14 something that was declared by the vilnius conference but omitted in the act of december 11 16 the second part mentioning the firm and permanent alliance with germany was completely omitted 15 its final version was approved on january 8 1918 the day that u s president woodrow wilson announced his fourteen points in its essence the act of january 8 did not differ from the act of february 16 16 however ober ost the german military administration rejected the changes on january 26 in compliance with the earlier request the two versions of the notification were approved but they did not include the changes of january 8 15 the texts were prepared based on the act of december 11 these concessions to the germans created tensions among the council members 17 four members mykolas biržiška steponas kairys stanisław narutowicz and jonas vileišis resigned from the council in protest 13 chairman antanas smetona who supported the act of december 11 stepped down 16 jonas basanavičius who would later be called the patriarch of independence was elected chairman 18 act of february 16 edit germany failed to recognize lithuania as an independent state and the lithuanian delegation was not invited to the brest litovsk negotiations that started on december 22 1917 between the central powers and russia in order to settle territorial claims 17 during the first and final official joint session between the council and the german authorities it was made clear that the council would serve only as an advisory board 15 this situation gave additional backing to those council members who were seeking independence without any ties to other countries the prime concern at this point was to invite back those members who had left the council negotiations were undertaken that led to the reformulation of previous versions of the act 13 hand written originals of the act of independence of lithuania in the lithuanian left and german languages right exhibited in 2022 the four withdrawn members demanded that the council return to the act of january 8 and omit the mention of any alliance with germany 14 after heated debates that lasted for several weeks on february 15 at 10 am the new revision of the act was ready it included with minor stylistic changes the wording of the act of january 8 and promulgation and notification drafted on february 1 promulgation and notification do not carry legal weight and do not change the meaning of a legal document 14 the council including the withdrawn members was invited to return the next day for its finalization on the next day february 16 1918 at 12 30 pm all twenty council members met in the room of the lithuanian committee for support of the war victims at 30 didžioji street in vilnius 15 the building has since been known as the house of the signatories lithuanian signatarų namai and houses a museum the council first voted to approve the first part the first two paragraphs up to the word drauge of the act this section was approved unanimously 4 the second part however did not receive support from the four withdrawn members because they were not satisfied with the word finally in describing the duties of the constituent assembly in the foundation of the lithuanian state and its relations with other countries will be finally determined by the constituent assembly 4 they were afraid that this word would give a pretext for the council to usurp the powers of the constituent assembly while the majority argued that the word simply expressed the non negotiable and non appealable nature of the future assembly s decisions 14 therefore the act was unanimously approved en bloc but did not have full fledged support from all twenty men 4 final text of the act edit line original text 19 english translation 20 1 nutarimas resolution 2 lietuvos taryba savo posėdyje vasario 16 d 1918 m vienu balsu nu the council of lithuania in its session of february 16 1918 decided unanimously 3 tarė kreiptis į rusijos vokietijos ir kitų valstybių vyriausybės šiuo to address the governments of russia germany and other states with the following 4 pareiškimu declaration 5 lietuvos taryba kaipo vienintelė lietuvių tautos atstovybė remdamos the council of lithuania as the sole representative of the lithuanian nation based on 6 pripažintaja tautų apsisprendimo teise ir lietuvių vilniaus konferencijos the recognized right to national self determination and on the vilnius conference s 7 nutarimu rugsėjo mėn 18 23 d 1917 metais skelbia atstatanti nepriklau resolution of september 18 23 1917 proclaims the restoration of the independent 8 somą demokratiniais pamatais sutvarkytą lietuvos valstybę su sostine state of lithuania founded on democratic principles with vilnius as its capital 9 vilniuje ir tą valstybę atskirianti nuo visų valstybinių ryšių kurie and declares the termination of all state ties which formerly 10 yra buvę su kitomis tautomis bound this state to other nations 11 drauge lietuvos taryba pareiškia kad lietuvos valstybės pama the council of lithuania also declares that the foundation of the lithuanian state and 12 tus ir jos santykius su kitomis valstybėmis privalo galutinai nustatyti its relations with other countries will be finally determined by the 13 kiek galima graičiau sušauktas steigiamasis seimas demokratiniu būdu constituent assembly to be convoked as soon as possible elected democratically 14 visų jos gyventojų išrinktas by all its inhabitants 15 lietuvos taryba pranešdama apie tai the council of lithuania by informing the government of to this effect 16 vyriausybei prašo pripažinti nepriklausomą lietuvos valstybę requests the recognition of the independent state of lithuania 17 dr jonas basanavičius dr jonas basanavičius 18 saliamonas banaitis saliamonas banaitis 19 mykolas biržiška mykolas biržiška 20 vilniuje vasario 16 d 1918 m kazys bizauskas in vilnius february 16 1918 kazys bizauskas 21 pranas dovydaitis pranas dovydaitis 22 jurgis šaulys steponas kairys jurgis šaulys steponas kairys 23 jokūbas šernas petras klimas jokūbas šernas petras klimas 24 antanas smetona donatas malinauskas antanas smetona donatas malinauskas 25 jonas smilgevičius vladas mironas jonas smilgevičius vladas mironas 26 justinas staugaitis stanisław narutowicz justinas staugaitis stanisław narutowicz 27 aleksandras stulginskis alfonsas petrulis aleksandras stulginskis alfonsas petrulis 28 jonas vailokaitis kazimieras steponas šaulys jonas vailokaitis kazimieras steponas šaulys 29 jonas vileišis jonas vileišis path to the act edit note the colors of the functional sections correspond to the colored lines in the original text above part i resolution of vilnius conference september 18 23 1917 part ii part i act of december 11 1917 part ii edited in session edited by petras klimas act of january 8 1918 disposition clause edited by steponas kairys stanisław narutowicz jonas vileišis draft of february 1 1918 promulgation disposition clause notification edited by the council and four withdrawn members draft of february 15 1918 promulgation disposition clause notification edited by petras klimas act of independence of lithuania act of february 16 1918 promulgation disposition clause notification eschatocol source klimavičius raimundas 2004 vasario 16 osios aktas teksto formavimo šaltiniai...