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were used they were told they were at a special clinic where they would receive improved treatment and were given a brief medical examination on arrival they were induced to enter what appeared to be a shower block where they were gassed with carbon monoxide the ruse was also used at extermination camps 85 some of the victims knew their fate and tried to defend themselves 82 number of euthanasia victims the ss functionaries and hospital staff associated with aktion t4 in the german reich were paid from the central office at tiergartenstraße 4 in berlin from the spring of 1940 the ss and police from ss sonderkommando lange responsible for murdering the majority of patients in the annexed territories of poland since october 1939 took their salaries from the normal police fund supervised by the administration of the newly formed wartheland district the programme in germany and occupied poland was overseen by heinrich himmler 86 before 2013 it was believed that 70 000 persons were murdered in the euthanasia programme but the german federal archives reported that research in the archives of former east germany indicated that the number of victims in germany and austria from 1939 to 1945 was about 200 000 persons and that another 100 000 persons were victims in other european countries 20 87 in the german t4 centres there was at least the semblance of legality in keeping records and writing letters in polish psychiatric hospitals no one was left behind killings were inflicted using gas vans sealed army bunkers and machine guns families were not informed about the murdered relatives and the empty wards were handed over to the ss 86 victims of aktion t4 official data from 1985 1940 sep 1941 88 t4 center period 1940 1941 total grafeneck 20 jan dec 1940 9 839 9 839 brandenburg 8 feb oct 1940 9 772 9 772 bernburg 21 november 1940 30 july 1943 8 601 8 601 hartheim 6 may 1940 dec 1944 9 670 8 599 18 269 sonnenstein jun 1940 sep 1942 5 943 7 777 13 720 hadamar jan 1941 31 july 1942 10 072 10 072 total by year 88 35 224 35 049 70 273 in hospitals in occupied poland 86 owińska oct 1939 1 100 kościan nov 1939 mar 1940 89 2 750 3 282 świecie oct nov 1939 90 1 350 kocborowo 22 september 1939 jan 1940 1941 44 89 2 562 1 692 dziekanka 7 december 1939 12 january 1940 jul 1941 89 1 201 1 043 chełm 12 january 1940 440 warta 31 march 1940 16 jun 1941 89 581 499 działdowo 21 may 8 july 1940 1 858 kochanówka 13 march 1940 aug 1941 minimum of 850 helenówek et al 1940 1941 2 200 2 300 lubliniec nov 1941 children 194 choroszcz aug 1941 700 rybnik 1940 1945 89 2 000 total by number 89 c 16 153 technology and personnel transfer to death camps see also category aktion t4 personnel and t4 gutachter after the official end of the euthanasia programme in august 1941 most of the personnel and high ranking officials as well as gassing technology and the techniques used to deceive victims were transferred under the jurisdiction of the national medical division of the reich interior ministry further gassing experiments with the use of mobile gas chambers einsatzwagen were conducted at soldau concentration camp by herbert lange following operation barbarossa lange was appointed commander of the chełmno extermination camp in december 1941 he was given three gas vans by the reich security main office rsha converted by the gaubschat gmbh in berlin 91 and before february 1942 killed 3 830 polish jews and around 4 000 romani under the guise of resettlement 92 after the 20 january 1942 wannsee conference implementation of gassing technology was accelerated by heydrich beginning in the spring of 1942 three killing factories were built secretly in east central poland the ss officers responsible for the earlier aktion t4 including wirth stangl and irmfried eberl had important roles in the implementation of the final solution for the next two years 93 k the first killing centre equipped with stationary gas chambers modelled on technology developed under aktion t4 was established at bełżec in the general government territory of occupied poland the decision preceded the wannsee conference by three months 94 opposition gas chamber at hadamar in january 1939 brack commissioned a paper from professor of moral theology at the university of paderborn joseph mayer on the likely reactions of the churches in the event of a state euthanasia programme being instituted mayer a longstanding euthanasia advocate reported that the churches would not oppose such a programme if it was seen to be in the national interest brack showed this paper to hitler in july and it may have increased his confidence that the euthanasia programme would be acceptable to german public opinion 95 notably when sereny interviewed mayer shortly before his death in 1967 he denied that he formally condoned the killing of people with disabilities but no copies of this paper are known to survive 96 some bureaucrats opposed the t4 programme lothar kreyssig a district judge and member of the confessing church wrote to justice minister franz gürtner protesting that the action was illegal since no law or formal decree from hitler had authorised it gürtner replied if you cannot recognise the will of the führer as a source of law then you cannot remain a judge and had kreyssig dismissed 29 hitler had a policy of not issuing written instructions for matters which could later be condemned by the international community but made an exception when he provided bouhler and brack with written authority for the t4 programme hitler wrote a confidential letter in october 1939 to overcome opposition within the german state bureaucracy hitler told bouhler that the führer s chancellery must under no circumstances be seen to be active in this matter 68 gürtner had to be shown hitler s letter in august 1940 to gain his co operation 69 exposure in the towns where the killing centres were located some people saw the inmates arrive in buses saw smoke from the crematoria chimneys and noticed that the buses were returning empty in hadamar ashes containing human hair rained down on the town and despite the strictest orders some of the staff at the killing centres talked about what was going on in some cases families could tell that the causes of death in certificates were false e g when a patient was claimed to have died of appendicitis even though his appendix had been removed some years earlier in other cases families in the same town would receive death certificates on the same day 97 in may 1941 the frankfurt county court wrote to gürtner describing scenes in hadamar where children shouted in the streets that people were being taken away in buses to be gassed 98 hans gerhard creutzfeldt in 1920 during 1940 rumours of what was taking place spread and many germans withdrew their relatives from asylums and sanatoria to care for them at home often with great expense and difficulty in some places doctors and psychiatrists co operated with families to have patients discharged or if the families could afford it transferred them to private clinics beyond the reach of t4 other doctors re diagnosed patients so that they no longer met the t4 criteria which risked exposure when nazi zealots from berlin conducted inspections in kiel professor hans gerhard creutzfeldt managed to save nearly all of his patients 99 lifton listed a handful of psychiatrists and administrators who opposed the killings many doctors collaborated either through ignorance agreement with nazi eugenicist policies or fear of the regime 99 protest letters were sent to the reich chancellery and the ministry of justice some from nazi party members the first open protest against the removal of people from asylums took place at absberg in franconia in february 1941 and others followed the sd report on the incident at absberg noted that the removal of residents from the ottilien home has caused a great deal of unpleasantness and described large crowds of catholic townspeople among them party members protesting against the action 100 similar petitions and protests occurred throughout austria as rumours spread of mass killings at the hartheim euthanasia centre and of mysterious deaths at the children s clinic am spiegelgrund in vienna anna wödl a nurse and mother of a child with a disability vehemently petitioned to hermann linden at the reich ministry of the interior in berlin to prevent her son alfred from being transferred from gugging where he lived and which also became a euthanasia center wödl failed and alfred was sent to am spiegelgrund where he was killed on 22 february 1941 his brain was preserved in formaldehyde for research and stored in the clinic for sixty years 101 church protests further information nazi euthanasia and the catholic church the lutheran theologian friedrich von bodelschwingh director of the bethel institution for epilepsy at bielefeld and pastor paul gerhard braune director of the hoffnungstal institution near berlin protested bodelschwingh negotiated directly with brandt and indirectly with hermann göring whose cousin was a prominent psychiatrist braune had meetings with gürtner who was always dubious about the legality of the programme gürtner later wrote a strongly worded letter to hitler protesting against it hitler did not read it but was told about it by lammers 102 bishop theophil wurm presiding over the evangelical lutheran church in württemberg wrote to interior minister frick in march 1940 denouncing the policy that month a confidential report from the sicherheitsdienst sd in austria warned that the killing programme must be implemented with stealth to avoid a probable backlash of public opinion during the war 11 103 on 4 december 1940 reinhold sautter the supreme church councillor of the württemberg state church complained to the nazi ministerial councillor eugen stähle against the murders in grafeneck castle stähle said the fifth commandment thou shalt not kill is no commandment of god but a jewish invention 104 bishop heinrich wienken of berlin a leading member of the caritas association was selected by the fulda episcopal synod to represent the views of the catholic church in meetings with t4 operatives in 2008 michael burleigh wrote clemens von galen wienken seems to have gone partially native in the sense that he gradually abandoned an absolute stance based on the fifth commandment in favour of winning limited concessions regarding the restriction of killing to complete idiots access to the sacraments and the exclusion of ill roman catholic priests from these policies 105 despite a decree issued by the vatican on 2 december 1940 stating that the t4 policy was against natural and positive divine law and that the direct killing of an innocent person because of mental or physical defects is not allowed the catholic church hierarchy in germany decided to take no further action incensed by the nazi appropriation of church property in münster to accommodate people made homeless by an air raid in july and august 1941 the bishop of münster clemens august graf von galen gave four sermons criticising the nazis for arresting jesuits confiscating church property and for the euthanasia program 106 107 galen sent the text to hitler by telegram calling on the führer to defend the people against the gestapo it is a terrible unjust and catastrophic thing when man opposes his will to the will of god we are talking about men and women our compatriots our brothers and sisters poor unproductive people if you wish but does this mean that they have lost their right to live 108 galen s sermons were not reported in the german press but were circulated illegally in leaflets the text was dropped by the royal air force over german troops 109 110 in 2009 richard j evans wrote that this was the strongest most explicit and most widespread protest movement against any policy since the beginning of the third reich 13 local nazis asked for galen to be arrested but goebbels told hitler that such action would provoke a revolt in westphalia and hitler decided to wait until after the war to take revenge 111 109 a plaque set in the pavement at no 4 tiergartenstraße commemorates the victims of the nazi euthanasia programme in 1986 lifton wrote nazi leaders faced the prospect of either having to imprison prominent highly admired clergymen and other protesters a course with consequences in terms of adverse public reaction they greatly feared or else end the programme 112 evans considered it at least possible even indeed probable that the t4 programme would have continued beyond hitler s initial quota of 70 000 deaths but for the public reaction to galen s sermon 113 burleigh called assumptions that the sermon affected hitler s decision to suspend the t4 programme wishful thinking and noted that the various church hierarchies did not complain after the transfer of t4 personnel to aktion reinhard 114 british historian alec ryrie wrote that braune von bodelschwingh kreyssig wurn von galen and others had demonstrated that when a broad enough swatch of germany s christians took a stand it was possible to save lives 11 on the other hand henry friedlander wrote that it was not the criticism from the church but rather the loss of secrecy and general popular disquiet about the way euthanasia was implemented that caused the killings to be suspended 115 galen had detailed knowledge of the euthanasia programme by july 1940 but did not speak out until almost a year after protestants had begun to protest in 2002 beth a griech polelle wrote worried lest they be classified as outsiders or internal enemies they waited for protestants that is the true germans to risk a confrontation with the government first if the protestants were able to be critical of a nazi policy then catholics could function as good germans and yet be critical too 116 on 29 june 1943 pope pius xii issued the encyclical mystici corporis christi in which he condemned the fact that physically deformed people mentally disturbed people and hereditarily ill people have at times been robbed of their lives in germany following this in september 1943 a bold but ineffectual condemnation was read by bishops from pulpits across germany denouncing the killing of the innocent and defenceless mentally handicapped and mentally ill the incurably infirm and fatally wounded innocent hostages and disarmed prisoners of war and criminal offenders people of a foreign race or descent 117 suspension and continuity commemorative plaque on wall on bunker no 17 in fort vii on 24 august 1941 hitler ordered the suspension of the t4 killings after the invasion of the soviet union in june many t4 personnel were transferred to the eastern front the projected death total for the t4 programme of 70 000 deaths had been reached by august 1941 118 the termination of the t4 programme did not end the killing of people with disabilities from the end of 1941 on the initiative of institute directors and local party leaders the killing of adults and children co...