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parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia political idea part of a series on fascism principles actual idealism aestheticization of politics anti communism anti intellectualism anti materialism anti pacifism authoritarianism chauvinism class collaboration corporatism counter enlightenment cult of personality dictatorship direct action dirigisme heroic capitalism heroic realism machismo masculinity national syndicalism new man one party state proletarian nation propaganda reactionary modernism social darwinism social order state capitalism statolatry supercapitalism third position totalitarianism ultranationalism palingenetic topics architecture criticism culture definitions economics ideology movements paramilitaries symbolism politicians balbo codreanu doriot degrelle engdahl franco goga gömbös hitler ljotić mosley mussolini nakano oviglio o duffy quisling pavelić pavolini preto primo de rivera rodzaevsky salgado sima strasser gregor strasser otto szálasi valois van severen intellectuals ahimeir arthuys bardèche brasillach céline chamberlain chesterton civinini corradini crainic croce cupcea d annunzio dilling drieu la rochelle evola gentile giani gini ilyin ionescu kita krannhals de lapouge lewis malaparte manuilă marinetti michels mosley ojetti ōkawa olivetti orano panero pirandello pound ramos rosenberg saint loup savarkar scaligero schmitt schwarz sorel spirito streel thomson ungaretti valois literature prussianism and socialism 1919 fascist manifesto 1919 mein kampf 1925 manifesto of the fascist intellectuals 1925 my autobiography 1928 the myth of the twentieth century 1930 the doctrine of fascism 1932 twenty six point program of the falange 1934 organizations arrow cross party blackshirts brazilian integralist action british national party british union of fascists stewards canadian union of fascists fasci d azione rivoluzionaria fasci italiani di combattimento french popular party iron guard kokumin dōmei lapua movement mouvement franciste national fascist party opera nazionale balilla republican fascist party revolutionary mexicanist action rexist party russian fascist party school of fascist mysticism silver legion of america squadrismo slovak people s party tōhōkai ustaše ustaše youth verdinaso vfo vlajka media ajan suunta der angriff critica fascista fashist il popolo d italia je suis partout l idea nazionale nástup neues volk das schwarze korps völkischer beobachter history history of fascism pre 1922 1922 1945 1945 present march on rome beer hall putsch gentile reform aventine secession second italo senussi war libyan genocide german election of 1932 enabling act austrian civil war exhibition of the fascist revolution 1934 montreux fascist conference second italo ethiopian war 1935 revolution day zócalo battle spanish civil war unification decree battle of cable street anti comintern pact kristallnacht italian invasion of albania pact of steel peasant march world war ii the holocaust genocide of serbs in croatia downfall in italy downfall in germany downfall in thailand downfall in yugoslavia surrender of japan nuremberg trials international military tribunal for the far east variants albanian arab argentine nacionalismo orthodox peronism austrian austrian nazism brazilian brazilian integralism british christian clerical crypto croat eco falangism francoism pétainism valoisism hindutva hungarism ibañism ilminism irish islamic italian intransigent japanese emperor system statism restoration ultra techno nazism austrian hitlerism strasserism swedish neo finnish legionarism pan turkic rexism romanian neo romanianism stelism russian swiss syndicalist syrian third position national anarchism national bolshevism nazi maoism uruguayan marzism revisionism sosism by continent asia europe bulgaria netherlands russia north america canada united states south america peru uruguay related topics anti fascism axis powers donald trump and fascism extremism of the centre fascist as an insult feudal fascism glossary of fascist italy lebensphilosophie mediterraneanism para fascism paramilitary post fascism proto fascism red fascism social fascism politics portal v t e part of a series on nazism organizations ahnenerbe artaman league geheime staatspolizei deutscher fichte bund deutsches jungvolk franz eher nachfolger hitler youth league of german girls organisation todt nsdäb nsdstb nsrl nsfk nskk nsf nazi media organizations nationalsozialistische monatshefte neues volk ns frauen warte das reich das schwarze korps nazi party nykp sicherheitsdienst sd sturmabteilung sa schutzstaffel ss ss gefolge waffen ss history early timeline national socialist program hitler s rise to power machtergreifung gleichschaltung german rearmament nazi germany kirchenkampf hitler s personality cult enabling act of 1933 night of the long knives nuremberg rallies nuremberg laws anti comintern pact kristallnacht anschluss world war ii the holocaust 1938 1939 german expedition to tibet tripartite pact denazification nuremberg trials final solution concentration camps deportations doctors trial extermination camps genocide ghettos human experimentation forced labour labour camps kidnapping of children pogroms racial segregation ideology aestheticization of politics anti communism anti intellectualism anti liberalism anti pacifism blood and soil chauvinism class collaboration conspiracism stab in the back myth international jewry judeo bolshevism corporatism counter enlightenment cult of personality dictatorship führerprinzip direct action market intervention eugenics geopolitik heimat imperialism greater germanic reich heim ins reich lebensraum pan germanism militarism morality nationalism ethno racial palingenetic revolutionary ultra new man new order one party state populism propaganda prussianism racism antisemitism anti slavic sentiment aryan race aryanism master race nordicism nordic indo germanic people renordification rassenschande untermensch völkisch equality völkisch movement reactionary modernism romanticism social darwinism social interventionism social order state capitalism syncretism totalitarianism volksgemeinschaft volk ohne raum volkskörper politicians bloem bormann daluege dönitz drexler eichmann esser fischer frank frick hess heydrich himmler hitler goebbels göring keller lammers lutze mitford von neurath quisling von ribbentrop röhm schacht von schirach scholtz klink seldte seyss inquart speer strasser gregor strasser otto streicher szálasi thierack ideologues pre machtergreifung arndt burnouf chamberlain drumont eckart fritsch de gobineau grant von liebenfels von list löns lueger marr nietzsche contentious ratzel riehl ruskin wagner post machtergreifung anacker baeumler bergmann berndt darré eggers eichrodt feder ford grimm günther hauer haushofer heidegger contentious hentschel hoche al husseini jung krannhals kriek lindbergh müller plenge rahn rosenberg saadeh schäfer schmalenbach schmitt contentious von sebottendorf schwarz stapel wirsing zimmermann literature the foundations of the nineteenth century 1899 the protocols of the elders of zion 1903 the passing of the great race 1916 prussianism and socialism 1919 25 point program 1920 the international jew 1920s rassenkunde des deutschen volkes 1922 mein kampf 1925 hitlers zweites buch 1928 michael 1929 the myth of the twentieth century 1930 gelöbnis treuester gefolgschaft 1933 i fight 1942 religion ariosophy thule society aspects catholic church persecution germany poland christmas esotericism german evangelical church german christians movement german faith movement germanic paganism heathenry gottgläubig kirchenkampf positive christianity hitler s views symbolism outside germany americas brazil chile mexico europe finland greece sweden parties arrow cross party frontist movement german american bund german national movement in liechtenstein nasjonal samling national socialist movement netherlands national socialist movement of chile national socialist workers party of denmark ossewabrandwag lists doctors last surviving war crime suspects nazi party members nicknames and pseudonyms nsdap leaders and officials publishers ss personnel related topics analogies anti nazism art architecture cinema antisemitenparteien atsızism beefsteak nazi economy denordification renordification glossary drang nach osten generalplan ost german american bund german völkisch freedom party horst wessel lied hitler s political views para nazism propaganda and the uk racial theories strasserism women in nazi germany germany portal politics portal v t e the aestheticization of politics was an idea coined in the work of art in the age of mechanical reproduction by critical theorist walter benjamin as being a key ingredient to fascist regimes 1 benjamin said that fascism tends towards an aestheticization of politics in the sense of a spectacle in which it allows the masses to express themselves without seeing their rights recognized and without affecting the relations of ownership which the proletarian masses aim to eliminate 2 benjamin said fascism attempts to organize the newly proletarianized masses without affecting the property structure which the masses strive to eliminate fascism sees its salvation in giving these masses not their right but instead a chance to express themselves the masses have a right to change property relations fascism seeks to give them an expression while preserving property the logical result of fascism is the introduction of aesthetics into political life mankind which in homer s time was a spectacle for the olympian gods has become one for itself communism responds by politicizing art 2 in the essay benjamin connected the concept to the italian futurist movement and its involvement in the fascist regime of italy alternately politicization of aesthetics or politicization of art has been used as a term for an ideologically opposing synthesis 2 wherein art is ultimately subordinate to political life and thus a result of it separate from it but which is attempted to be incorporated for political use as theory relating to the consequential political nature of art professor of contemporary history 3 emilio gentile has stressed that these two ideas are not mutually exclusive overlapping to a large degree in benjamin s original formulation the politicization of aesthetics was considered the opposite of the aestheticization of politics the latter possibly being indicated as an instrument of mythologizing totalitarian fascist regimes 4 the politicizing of art in contrast requires one to affirm the political value and force of art by demystifying concepts like genius and eternal value and by demystifying the idea that art expresses the essential nature of some nation or race in other words to politicize art is to recognize that it is fundamentally a product that exists within a specific socio cultural context communism thus takes art seriously not just as a cultural product but as a cultural force 5 benjamin s concept has been linked to guy debord s 1967 book the society of the spectacle 6 see also edit philosophy portal politics portal aestheticization of violence art for art s sake the arts and politics communicative rationality instrumental and value rationality martha nussbaum normativity rationality relations of production separate spheres spectacle critical theory references edit jay martin 1992 the aesthetic ideology as ideology or what does it mean to aestheticize politics cultural critique 21 university of minnesota press 41 61 doi 10 2307 1354116 jstor 1354116 1 2 3 walter benjamin 1935 the work of art in the age of mechanical reproduction ch xix epilogue link to full translated text published by schocken random house ed by hannah arendt emilio gentile is professor of contemporary history at the university of rome la sapienza 2005 jay martin 1992 the aesthetic ideology as ideology or what does it mean to aestheticize politics cultural critique 21 42 doi 10 2307 1354116 jstor 1354116 miller j hillis 2005 wolfreys julian ed the j hillis miller reader stanford ca stanford university press pp 330 331 isbn 978 0 8047 5056 1 tamara trodd 2015 the art of mechanical reproduction p 14 primary sources edit the work of art in the age of mechanical reproduction in n walter benjamin illuminations some excerpts quoted in susan buck morss 1992 aesthetic and anaesthetics walter benjamin s artwork essay reconsidered in october n 62 fall 1992 pp 3 41 v t e aesthetics outline of aesthetics areas applied design evolutionary film mathematics music nature neuro science theology concepts appropriation art artistic merit authenticity avant garde beauty creativity depiction disgust ecstasy elegance emotions entertainment fashion gaze harmony humour iconography aniconism integrity interpretation judgment magnificence mimesis perception picturesque quality recreation reverence style sublime taste work of art schools african ancient aestheticism classicism formalism historicism indian japanese modernism medieval postmodernism psychoanalysis realism romanticism symbolism theosophy theories apollonian and dionysian art and morality art and politics aestheticization of politics cultural hegemony and imperialism feminist and marxist aesthetics art for art s sake art manifesto beauty ideal feminine masculine camp cool comedy cuteness eroticism exoticism kama kitsch life imitating art rasa satire tragedy philosophers abhinavagupta adorno alberti akhundov ibn arabi aristotle aquinas balázs balthasar bataille baudelaire baudrillard baumgarten bell benjamin burke coleridge collingwood coomaraswamy danto deleuze dewey flaubert foucault fry goethe goodman gramsci greenberg hanslick hegel heidegger hume hutcheson kant kierkegaard klee langer lipps liu lukács lyotard de man marcuse maritain merleau ponty nietzsche ortega y gasset orwell pater petrarch plato pythagoras quintilian rancière richards ruskin said santayana schiller schopenhauer scruton sontag tagore tanizaki tolkien vasari wilde winckelmann woolf zola more works hippias major c 390 bce poetics c 335 bce ars poetica c 19 bce the literary mind and the carving of dragons c 100 on the sublime c 500 asrar al balagha 11th century mumyōzōshi 13th century on the sublime and beautiful 1757 lectures on aesthetics 1835 the critic as artist 1891 a room of one s own 1929 in praise of shadows 1933 art as experience 1934 the work of art in the age of mechanical reproduction 1935 avant garde and kitsch 1939 prison notebooks gramsci 1947 critical essays 1946 against interpretation 1966 notes on camp 1964 the aesthetic dimension 1977 orientalism 1978 why beauty matters 2009 related arts criticism art criticism artistic freedom axiology economics of the arts and literature artistic patronage cultural economics mathematical beauty patterns in nature philosophy of language semantics philosophy of music psychology of art theory of art category philosophy ...