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affect linguistics wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 lexical affect 2 grammatical affect 3 see also 4 references toggle the table of contents affect linguistics 1 language українська edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia attitude or emotion of an utterance grammatical features related to nouns animacy case dative construction dative shift quirky subject nominative comitative instrumental classifier measure word construct state countability count noun mass noun collective noun definiteness gender genitive construction possession suffixaufnahme case stacking noun class number singular dual plural singulative collective plurative specificity universal grinder related to verbs associated motion clusivity conjugation evidentiality modality person telicity mirativity tense aspect mood grammatical aspect lexical aspect aktionsart mood tense voice general features affect boundedness comparison degree egophoricity pluractionality verbal number honorifics politeness polarity reciprocity reflexive pronoun reflexive verb syntax relationships argument transitivity valency branching serial verb construction traditional grammar predicate subject object adjunct predicative semantics contrast mirativity thematic relation agent patient topic and comment focus volition veridicality phenomena agreement polypersonal agreement declension empty category incorporation inflection markedness v t e in linguistics affect is an attitude or emotion that a speaker brings to an utterance affects such as sarcasm contempt dismissal distaste disgust disbelief exasperation boredom anger joy respect or disrespect sympathy pity gratitude wonder admiration humility and awe are frequently conveyed through paralinguistic mechanisms such as intonation facial expression and gesture and thus require recourse to punctuation or emoticons when reduced to writing but there are grammatical and lexical expressions of affect as well such as pejorative and approbative or laudative expressions or inflections adversative forms honorific and deferential language interrogatives and tag questions and some types of evidentiality lexical affect edit lexical choices may frame a speaker s affect such as slender positive affect vs scrawny negative affect thrifty positive vs stingy negative and freedom fighter positive vs terrorist negative 1 grammatical affect edit in many languages of europe augmentative derivations are used to express contempt or other negative attitudes toward the noun being so modified whereas diminutives may express affection on the other hand diminutives are frequently used to belittle or be dismissive for instance in spanish a name ending in diminutive ito masculine or ita feminine may be a term of endearment but señorito little mister for señor mister may be mocking polish has a range of augmentative and diminutive forms which express differences in affect so from żaba a frog besides żabucha for simply a big frog there is augmentative żabsko to express distaste żabisko if the frog is ugly żabula if it is likeably awkward etc affect can also be conveyed by more subtle means duranti for example shows that the use of pronouns in italian narration indicates that the character referred to is important to the narration but is generally also a mark of a positive speaker attitude toward the character 2 in japanese and korean grammatical affect is conveyed both through honorific polite and humble language which affects both nouns and verbal inflection and through clause final particles that express a range of speaker emotions and attitudes toward what is being said for instance when asked in japanese if what one is eating is good one might say 美味しい oishii it s delicious or まずい mazui it s bad with various particles for nuance 美味しいよ oishii yo making an assertion explicitly informing that it is good 美味しいわ oishii wa expressing joy feminine 美味しいけど oishii kedo it s good but まずいね mazui ne it s bad isn t it eliciting agreement まずいもん mazui mon exasperated the same can be done in korean 맛있어요 masi issoyo neutral polite 맛있군요 masi ittgunyo surprised elated 맛있잖아 masi ittjianha lit it s not delicious but connotes it s delicious no 맛이 없다 masi eopda the base verb form for bad tasting used as a blunt impolite statement in english and japanese the passive of intransitive verbs may be used to express an adversative situation active voice neutral affect 雨が ame ga rain nom 降った fut ta fall pfv 雨が 降った ame ga fut ta rain nom fall pfv it rained passive voice negative affect 雨に ame ni rain dat 降られた fu rare ta fall pass pfv 雨に 降られた ame ni fu rare ta rain dat fall pass pfv i was rained on in some languages with split intransitive grammars such as the central pomo language of california the choice of encoding an affected verb argument as an object patientive case reflects empathy or emotional involvement on the part of the speaker 3 ex ʔaː tʼo 1 agt but béda ht̪ow here from béː yo w away go pfv dá ːʔ du w want refl ipfv pfv tʃʰó w not pfv béda here ʔaː i agt qʼlá w ʔkʰe die pfv fut ʔaː tʼo béda ht̪ow béː yo w dá ːʔ du w tʃʰó w béda ʔaː qʼlá w ʔkʰe 1 agt but here from away go pfv want refl ipfv pfv not pfv here i agt die pfv fut but i don t want to go away from here i agentive will die here said matter of factly ex ʔaː i agt tʃá ʔel house the ʔtʃí hla get if t̪oː i pat qʼlá hla die if tʼo but ʔaː tʃá ʔel ʔtʃí hla t̪oː qʼlá hla tʼo i agt house the get if i pat die if but but what if i patientive died after i got the house given as a reason not to buy a new house see also edit propositional attitude references edit murphy m l 2003 semantic relations and the lexicon cambridge university press duranti a 1984 the social meaning of subject pronouns in italian conversation text 4 4 271 311 mithun m 1991 active agentive case marking and its motivations language 67 3 510 546 v t e nonverbal communication broader concepts cognitive academic language proficiency communication emotional intelligence nunchi people skills semiotics social behavior social competence social cue social skills unsaid disorders aprosodia asperger syndrome autism fragile x pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified childhood disintegrative disorder rett syndrome dyssemia nonverbal learning disorder social pragmatic communication disorder neuroanatomy limbic system limbic lobe mirror neuron applications cold reading lie detection freudian slip poker tell targeted advertising technology computer processing of body language emotion recognition in conversation gesture recognition list of facial expression databases sentiment analysis key people ray birdwhistell charles darwin paul ekman related art and literature mime mimoplastic art subtext animal communication behavioral communication aggressive assertive passive passive aggressive impression management manual tactile verbal communication sign language tactile signing tadoma meta communication monastic sign lexicons verbal communication modalities physical blushing body language kinesics body to body communication facial expression facial action coding system microexpression gesture list speech independent gestures haptic communication imitation interpersonal synchrony laughter oculesics eye contact pupil dilation olfaction posture proxemics speech affect emotional prosody paralanguage intonation loudness prosody rhythm stress tone voice quality social context chronemics conventions display rules habitus high context and low context cultures interpersonal relationship social norm other emoticon smiley one bit message missed call silent service code unconscious microexpression non verbal leakage multi faceted affect display deception emotion recognition first impression intimacy retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title affect_ linguistics oldid 1276167834 categories pragmatics linguistics terminology hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata use mdy dates from september 2021 use american english from february 2019 all wikipedia articles written in american english articles with ambiguous glossing abbreviations this page was last edited on 17 february 2025 at 07 47 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional 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