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he children grew older while the negative affect began to stay the same the children still showed consistently lower positive affect this study suggests that reduced pa positive affect may be one source of developmental vulnerability to familial depression meaning that while having family with depression increases the risk of children developing depression reduced positive affect increases the risk of this development but knowing this aspect of depression might also be able to help prevent the onset of depression in young children well into their adulthood 18 disorders and physical disabilities edit main article reduced affect display there are some diseases physical disabilities and mental health disorders that can change the way a person s affect displays are conveyed reduced affect is when a person s emotions cannot be properly conveyed or displayed physically there is no actual change in how intensely they truly feel emotions there is simply a disparity between emotions felt and how intensely they are conveyed these disorders can greatly affect a person s quality of life depending on how intense the disability is flat blunted and restricted affect edit flat blunted and restricted affects refer to a pattern in which an affected person feels an emotion but does not or cannot display it 19 a flat affect is the most severe case in which there is little to no display of emotions restricted and blunted affects are less severe disorders involving these reduced affect displays most commonly include schizophrenia post traumatic stress disorder depression autism and traumatic brain injuries 20 one study has shown that people with schizophrenia that experience flat affect can also experience difficulty perceiving the emotions of a healthy individual 21 facial paralysis and surgery edit people who have facial deformities or paralysis may also be physically incapable of displaying emotions this is beginning to be corrected though through facial reanimation surgery which is proving not only to successfully improve a patient s affect displays but also bettering their psychological health 22 there are multiple types of surgeries that can help fix facial paralysis some more popular types include fixing the actual nerve damage specifically any damage to the hypoglossal nerve facial grafts where nerves taken from a donor s leg are transplanted into the patient s face or if the damage is more muscular versus actual nerves muscle may be transferred into the patient s face 23 strategic display edit see also psychological manipulation emotions can be displayed in order to elicit desired behaviors from others people have been known to display positive emotions in various settings service workers often engage in emotional labor a strive to maintain positive emotional expressions despite difficulties in working conditions or rude customers in order to conform to organizational rules such strategic displays are not always effective since if they are detected lower customer satisfaction results 24 perhaps the most notable attempt to feign negative emotion could be seen with nixon s madman theory nixon s administration attempted to make the leaders of other countries think nixon was mad and that his behavior was irrational and volatile fearing an unpredictable american response leaders of hostile communist bloc nations would avoid provoking the united states 25 this diplomatic strategy was not ultimately successful the effectiveness of the strategic display depends on the ability of the expresser to remain undetected it may be a risky strategy since if detected the person s original intent could be discovered undermining the future relationship with the target 26 according to the appraisal theory of emotions the experience of emotions is preceded by an evaluation of an object of significance to that individual when individuals are seen to display emotions it serves as a signal to others of an event important to that individual 27 28 thus deliberately altering the emotion display toward an object could be used make the targets of the strategic emotion think and behave in ways that benefit the original expresser for example people attempt to hide their expressions during a poker game in order to avoid giving away information to the other players i e keep a poker face see also edit psychology portal affect psychology affect theory affective affective spectrum deception discrete emotions theory display rules emotion emotional contagion emotional labor empathy facial communication interpersonal deception theory psychopathy self awareness self deception sincerity silvan tomkins references edit mccornack steven and joseph ortiz choices connections an introduction to communication 2nd ed bedford st martins 2017 batson c d shaw l l oleson k c 1992 emotion differentiating affect mood and emotion toward functionally based conceptual distinctions newbury park ca sage hommel bernhard 2019 10 01 affect and control a conceptual clarification international journal of psychophysiology 144 1 6 doi 10 1016 j ijpsycho 2019 07 006 hdl 1887 81987 issn 0167 8760 zajonc r b 1980 feelings and thinking preferences need no inferences american psychologist 35 2 pp 151 175 lazarus r s 1982 thoughts on the relations between emotions and cognition american physiologist 37 10 pp 1019 1024 brewin c r 1989 cognitive change processes in psychotherapy psychological review 96 45 pp 379 394 griffiths p e 1997 what emotions really are the problem of psychological categories the university of chicago press chicago zajonc r b 1980 feelings and thinking preferences need no inferences american psychologist 35 2 pp 151 175 shepard r n 1984 ecological constraints on internal representation psychological review 91 pp 417 447 shepard r n 1994 perceptual cognitive universals as reflections of the world psychonomic bulletin review 1 pp 2 28 weiskrantz l 1997 consciousness lost and found oxford oxford univ press brewin c r 1989 cognitive change processes in psychotherapy psychological review 96 45 pp 379 394 balliene b w 2005 dietary influences on obesity environment behavior and biology physiology behavior 86 5 pp 717 730 schucman h thetford c 1975 a course in miracle new york viking penguin blechman e a 1990 moods affect and emotions lawrence erlbaum associates hillsdale nj blechman e a 1990 emotions and the family lawrence erlbaum associates hillsdale nj geangu elena et al infant pupil diameter changes in response to others positive and negative emotions plos one vol 6 no 11 2011 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0027132 olino thomas m et al developmental trajectories of positive and negative affect in children at high and low familial risk for depressive disorder journal of child psychology and psychiatry vol 52 no 7 june 2010 pp 792 799 doi 10 1111 j 1469 7610 2010 02331 x raquel e gur christian g kohler j daniel ragland steven j siegel kathleen lesko warren b bilker ruben c gur flat affect in schizophrenia relation to emotion processing and neurocognitive measures schizophrenia bulletin volume 32 issue 2 1 april 2006 pages 279 287 https doi org 10 1093 schbul sbj041 pedersen t 2016 flat affect psych central https psychcentral com encyclopedia flat affect raquel e gur christian g kohler j daniel ragland steven j siegel kathleen lesko warren b bilker ruben c gur flat affect in schizophrenia relation to emotion processing and neurocognitive measures schizophrenia bulletin volume 32 issue 2 1 april 2006 pages 279 287 https doi org 10 1093 schbul sbj041 dey jacob k et al facial reanimation surgery restores affect display otology neurotology vol 35 no 1 jan 2014 pp 182 187 doi 10 1097 mao 0b013e3182a1ea8a hadlock tessa a mack l cheney and michael j mckenna facial reanimation surgery surgery of the ear and temporal bone philadelphia pa lippincott williams and wilkins 2005 461 72 groth markus hennig thurau walsh 2009 customer reactions to emotional labor the roles of employee acting strategies and customer detection accuracy pdf academy of management journal 52 5 958 doi 10 5465 amj 2009 44634116 archived from the original pdf on 2016 03 05 retrieved 2013 06 07 haldeman h r 1978 the ends of power times books p 122 isbn 978 0 8129 0724 7 van kleef gerben de dreu 2010 longer term consequences of anger expression in negotiation retaliation or spillover journal of experimental social psychology 46 5 753 doi 10 1016 j jesp 2010 03 013 ssrn 1298530 parkinson brian gwenda 2012 worry spreads interpersonal transfer of problem related anxiety cognition emotion 26 3 462 479 doi 10 1080 02699931 2011 651101 pmid 22471852 s2cid 24211816 schlicht erik shimojo camerer battaglia nakayama 2010 rustichini aldo ed human wagering behavior depends on opponents faces plos one 5 7 e11663 bibcode 2010ploso 511663s doi 10 1371 journal pone 0011663 pmc 2908123 pmid 20657772 v t e nonverbal communication broader concepts cognitive academic language proficiency communication emotional intelligence nunchi people skills semiotics social behavior social competence social cue social skills unsaid disorders aprosodia asperger syndrome autism fragile x pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified childhood disintegrative disorder rett syndrome dyssemia nonverbal learning disorder social pragmatic communication disorder neuroanatomy limbic system limbic lobe mirror neuron applications cold reading lie detection freudian slip poker tell targeted advertising technology computer processing of body language emotion recognition in conversation gesture recognition list of facial expression databases sentiment analysis key people ray birdwhistell charles darwin paul ekman related art and literature mime mimoplastic art subtext animal communication behavioral communication aggressive assertive passive passive aggressive impression management manual tactile verbal communication sign language tactile signing tadoma meta communication monastic sign lexicons verbal communication modalities physical blushing body language kinesics body to body communication facial expression facial action coding system microexpression gesture list speech independent gestures haptic communication imitation interpersonal synchrony laughter oculesics eye contact pupil dilation olfaction posture proxemics speech affect emotional prosody paralanguage intonation loudness prosody rhythm stress tone voice quality social context chronemics conventions display rules habitus high context and low context cultures interpersonal relationship social norm other emoticon smiley one bit message missed call silent service code unconscious microexpression non verbal leakage multi faceted affect display deception emotion recognition first impression intimacy v t e evolutionary psychology history evolutionary thought theoretical foundations adaptationism cognitive revolution cognitivism gene selection theory modern synthesis criticism evolutionary processes acquired characteristics adaptations altruism cheating hamiltonian spite reciprocal baldwin effect by products evolutionarily stable strategy exaptation fitness inclusive kin selection inbreeding avoidance kin recognition parental investment parent offspring conflict mismatch natural selection sexual selection costly signaling male female intrasexual competition mate choice sexual dimorphism social selection species typical behavior areas cognition emotion affect display display rules facial expression behavioral modernity cognitive module modularity of mind adaptive unconscious unconscious cognition automatic and controlled processes cognitive specialization computational theory of mind domain generality domain specificity learning dual process theory cognitive tradeoff hypothesis evolution of the brain evolution of nervous systems fight or flight response arachnophobia basophobia ophidiophobia folk biology taxonomy folk psychology theory of mind intelligence flynn effect wason selection task motor control skill multitasking numerical cognition number sense approximate number system parallel individuation system sleep visual perception color vision eye naïve physics culture aesthetics literary criticism musicology anthropology biological crime language origin psychology speech morality moral foundations religion origin social contagion behavioral contagion emotional contagion epidemiology of representations universals development attachment bonding biology affectional maternal paternal bond caregiver deprivation childhood attachment cinderella effect cognitive development education neuronal recycling hypothesis science of reading language acquisition personality development socialization human factors mental health cognitive ergonomics computer mediated communication engineering psychology human computer interaction media naturalness theory neuroergonomics depression digital media use and mental health hypophobia imprinted brain hypothesis mind blindness psychological effects of internet use rank theory of depression schizophrenia screen time smartphones and pedestrian safety social aspects of television societal effects of cars distracted driving lead crime hypothesis mobile phones and driving safety texting while driving sex activity adult attachment age disparity arousal concealed ovulation coolidge effect desire fantasy hormonal motivation incest taboo westermarck effect jealousy mate guarding mating preferences mating strategies orientation ovulatory shift hypothesis pair bond romantic love physical sexual attraction sexuality male female sexy son hypothesis sex differences aggression autism cognition crime division of labour emotional intelligence empathising systemising theory gender role intelligence memory mental health narcissism neuroscience schizophrenia substance abuse suicide variability hypothesis related subjects academic disciplines behavioral evolutionary economics behavioral epigenetics genetics affective behavioral cognitive evolutionary neuroscience biocultural 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theoretical positions cultural selection theory determinism i...