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english dialects african american english african american vernacular english liberian english samaná english tutnese languages and other dialects gullah afro seminole creole louisiana creole nuwaubian negro dutch black american sign language population us states alabama arkansas california florida georgia illinois indiana iowa kansas louisiana maryland mississippi nebraska new york north carolina ohio oklahoma oregon south carolina south dakota tennessee texas utah virginia us cities black mecca list of neighborhoods atlanta baltimore boston chicago dallas fort worth davenport detroit houston jacksonville kentucky lexington los angeles new york city omaha philadelphia san antonio san francisco historic places district of columbia florida georgia mississippi missouri omaha nebraska north carolina south carolina texas west virginia population count us states and territories us metropolitan areas us cities us communities places by plurality of population diaspora africa canada france ghana israel liberia nova scotia sierra leone prejudice racism black genocide race and ethnicity in the us census racism against black americans reparations for slavery school segregation in the us unarmed african americans killed by police officers stereotypes and media depictions blackface criminal stereotypes hollywood magical negro minstrel show united states portal category index v t e history of alabama by year pre statehood u s civil war since 1900 topics african americans cities politics united states portal v t e national african american archives and museum in mobile african americans in alabama or black alabamians are residents of the state of alabama who are of african american ancestry they have a history in alabama from the era from before statehood through the american civil war the emancipation the reconstruction era a resurgence of white supremacy with the ku klux klan and jim crow laws the civil right movement and into recent decades according to the 2020 census approximately 25 8 of alabama s population is african american 4 in the 2020 census 1 296 162 alabama residents were identified as african american of the total 5 024 279 5 in 11 of the state s 67 counties african americans make up more than 50 of the population greene 80 8 macon 79 1 sumter 72 9 bullock 71 4 wilcox 70 6 dallas 69 9 lowndes 69 8 perry 69 7 montgomery 57 0 hale 56 4 and marengo 52 7 african americans in the ten counties of jefferson 281 326 mobile 146 254 montgomery 130 467 madison 92 066 tuscaloosa 69 088 lee 39 570 shelby 28 939 houston 28 408 dallas 26 899 and talladega 26 439 make up more than 67 of all african americans in the state 6 history edit this section needs expansion you can help by adding missing information october 2022 slave quarter in tuscumbia alabama receipt for the sale of black slaves in eufaula alabama african americans are americans of african descent people of african descent first arrived in alabama as a part of the spanish conquest of la florida which included alabama in the 16th century the first documented africans in alabama arrived with hernando de soto 7 after the spanish san franciscans arrived in st augustine florida in 1573 they started moving northward and eastward into the alabama area 8 the majority of african slaves were brought to alabama during the slave trade and some existed in alabama even before it became a state in 1819 9 in 1814 african americans from alabama fought alongside creek indians at the battle of enchanachaca in alabama where u s military officers described them as their most desperate foe 10 in 1860 the last documented slave ship the clotilda arrived in mobile bay alabama with 110 african captives from the kingdom of dahomey in west africa 11 12 william v chambliss 1866 1928 was a businessman and farmer in macon county who served on the agriculture faculty at tuskegee institute now tuskegee university he was the wealthiest african american living in alabama in the 1920s 13 business and finance edit in 1890 the penny savings bank the first black owned and black operated financial institution in alabama was founded by william r pettiford 14 in 1997 the 19 077 businesses owned by black people in alabama generated around 1 billion in revenue and employed 13 232 people businesses owned by black people made up 6 7 of all non farm businesses in alabama placing alabama ninth in the united states for the percentage of black businesses 15 in 2010 15 of white alabamians which was 487 100 were in poverty while 37 of black alabamians were in poverty which was 457 900 16 in 2013 the median household income in alabama was 42 849 the average white household income was 49 465 while the black household income was 29 210 the national median household income was 52 250 the average white household income was 55 867 while the black household income was 34 815 17 entertainment edit in 1914 the lyric theater was created in birmingham alabama and was one of the first places in the american south where black and white people saw the same shows although black people were in an isolated section 14 during the time of negro league baseball the birmingham black barons was organized in 1920 18 population edit historical population census pop note 1800 517 1810 2 624 407 5 1820 42 450 1 517 8 1830 119 121 180 6 1840 255 571 114 5 1850 345 109 35 0 1860 437 770 26 8 1870 475 510 8 6 1880 600 103 26 2 1890 678 489 13 1 1900 827 307 21 9 1910 908 282 9 8 1920 900 652 0 8 1930 944 834 4 9 1940 983 290 4 1 1950 979 617 0 4 1960 980 271 0 1 1970 903 467 7 8 1980 996 000 10 2 1990 1 020 677 2 5 2000 1 138 726 11 6 2010 1 251 311 9 9 2020 1 288 159 2 9 u s decennial census 19 2020 1 african american family in alabama black slaves arrived in present day alabama during the late 18th and early 19th century in the mississippi territory at the time of the 1800 census there were 517 black people in the alabama portion of the mississippi territory with 494 slaves and 23 free blacks by the time of the 1810 census the population of black people had risen to 2 624 with 2 565 slaves and 59 free blacks 19 black population in alabama 1800 1860 census year 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 total black residents 517 2 624 42 450 119 121 255 571 345 109 437 770 free black people 23 59 571 1 572 2 039 2 265 2 690 blacks living in slavery 494 2 565 41 879 117 549 253 532 342 844 435 080 source gibson campbell jung kay september 2002 table 15 alabama race and hispanic origin 1800 to 1990 pdf historical census statistics on population totals by race and hispanic origin for the united states regions divisions and states u s census bureau retrieved 2026 01 30 in 1817 the alabama territory was formed from the mississippi territory and was later admitted as a state in 1819 20 the 1820 census showed that the population of black people had increased by 1 517 8 to 42 450 with 41 879 slaves and 571 free blacks 19 in 1808 the importation of slaves was banned but the external importation of slaves would continue with the last slave ship clotilda bringing slaves into alabama in 1860 21 the last three survivors of the atlantic slave trade cudjoe lewis redoshi and matilda mccrear were all brought to alabama 22 23 politics edit appointed and elected officials edit in 1870 benjamin s turner who was born a slave on march 17 1825 in weldon north carolina was elected as alabama s first black member of the united states house of representatives turner would serve until 1873 as he lost reelection in 1872 due to the black vote being split between himself and independent candidate philip joseph allowing democratic nominee frederick george bromberg to win 24 in 1870 jeremiah haralson who was born a slave on april 1 1846 in columbus georgia was elected as the first black member of the alabama house of representatives 25 26 in 1868 benjamin f royal was elected as the first black member of the alabama senate 27 in 1970 fred gray and thomas reed became the first black people elected to the alabama house of representatives since the end of reconstruction 28 in 1992 sundra escott russell was elected as the first black female member of the alabama senate 27 in 1947 oscar w adams jr established the first black law firm in birmingham alabama and was later appointed as the first black justice on the supreme court of alabama u w clemon who had aided in the civil rights movement through lawsuit against discriminatory work practices was appointed as the first black federal judge in alabama in 1980 29 adams was appointed to the court by governor fob james in 1980 and won election in 1982 making him the first black person to win a statewide office in alabama 30 andrew hayden who was elected as the mayor of uniontown alabama was the first black person to defeat an incumbent white mayor in alabama 31 richard arrington jr who had served on the birmingham alabama city council from 1971 to 1979 was elected as the city s first black mayor in 1979 and took office in 1980 29 steven reed served as the first black probate judge in montgomery county alabama and was elected as montgomery alabama s first black mayor in 2019 32 slavery edit on december 2 1865 the alabama legislature ratified the 13th amendment to the united states constitution which abolished slavery 33 voter registration edit in 1901 a new state constitution was created for alabama when the convention opened john m knox the chairman of the constitutional convention stated that w hat is it we want to do why it is within the limits imposed by the federal constitution to establish white supremacy in this state henry fontaine reese a delegate from selma alabama stated that when you pay 1 50 for a poll tax in dallas county i believe you disenfranchise 10 negroes give us this 1 50 for educational purposes and for the disenfranchisement of a vicious and useless class a poll tax a literacy test property requirements and disqualification for certain criminal convictions were added to the constitution following the passage of the constitution black voter registration fell from more than 180 000 in 1900 to less than 3 000 in 1903 34 following the passage of the civil rights act of 1964 the percentage of black registered voters rose from 13 7 in 1960 to 61 3 by 1969 the highest percentage of voter registration between 1960 and 2004 reached its highest amount with 74 3 in 1998 35 following the passage of the voting rights act of 1965 the united states department of justice blocked over one hundred voting policy changes in alabama from 1969 to 2008 and had over eight hundred changed or withdrawn 34 on july 25 2019 alabama secretary of state john merrill announced that 94 of all eligible alabamians and 96 all of eligible black people in alabama were registered to vote 36 however according to the united states census bureau only 69 of all eligible alabamians and 67 4 of all black people in alabama were registered to vote 34 education edit the lincoln normal school was one of the oldest hbcus historically black colleges and universities in the united states it was opened two years after the american civil war in 1867 37 and closed in 1970 the burrell academy was a primary school located in selma alabama established in 1869 38 it was the first black school in the city of selma and it burned down in a suspicious fire in 1900 38 in 1903 the burrell academy was rebuilt by the american missionary association a m a which had decided to move the building to florence alabama and rename it the burrell normal school 39 the calhoun colored school active from 1892 to 1945 was a private boarding and day school for black students in calhoun lowndes county alabama 40 see also edit alabama portal demographics of alabama history of slavery in alabama list of african american newspapers in alabama black belt region of alabama black southerners alabama cajans references edit 1 2 us census 2020 alabama black population up in alabama people reported as both black white more than doubles census indicates religious landscape study alabama 2020 census selection race by ethnicity black or african american alone this figure refers to those who report african american and no other race race decennial census dec redistricting data pl 94 171 table p1 u s census bureau retrieved 2026 01 03 slaves arrived in america and alabama years before 1619 al com 2019 08 23 retrieved 2025 10 15 we know very little about the black slaves with desoto a letter from spain s king charles v dated april 20 1537 gave desoto permission to take 50 africans a third of them female to florida according to historian jane landers desoto s slaves included both moors from northern africa and sub saharan africans many of them deserted him to live with the native americans in florida we know that desoto abandoned some black slaves during his expeditions including two with known names one named robles who apparently was christian was left at coosa ala because he was too ill to walk and another slave named johan biscayan was left at ulibahali in present day georgia schaefer christina k 1998 genealogical encyclopedia of the colonial americas a complete digest of the records of all the countries of the western hemisphere genealogical publishing company p 559 isbn 978 0 8063 1576 8 via google books slavery encyclopedia of alabama alabama humanities alliance and auburn university iverson justin 2019 fugitives on the front maroons in the gulf coast borderlands war 1812 1823 the florida historical quarterly 98 2 105 129 issn 0015 4113 the clotilda the last american slave ship visit mobile retrieved 2025 10 15 ingber sasha may 22 2019 alabama historians say the last known slave ship to u s has been found npr retrieved 2025 10 15 william v chambliss wealthy alabaman dies near tuskegee institute the new york age june 23 1928 p 7 via newspapers com 1 2 a timeline of birmingham s black history birmingham times february 6 2020 retrieved august 6 2020 cite news cs1 maint deprecated archival service link african american owned business in alabama generate 1 billion in revenues the culverhouse college of business august 7 2019 retrieved august 9 2020 cite news cs1 maint deprecated archival service link poverty in alabama encyclopedia of alabama retrieved august 6 2020 cite news cs1 maint deprecated archival service link in alabama major income gaps between races genders montgomery advertiser september 25 2014 retrieved august 6 2020 cite news cs1 maint deprecated archival service link the birmingham black barons negro southern league museum retrieved august 6 2020 cite news cs1 maint deprecated archival service link 1 2 3 alabama s population 1800 to the modern era al com december 28 2019 retrieved august 5 2020 cite news cs1 maint deprecated archival service link what was alabama like in 1817 when it became a territory al com may 18 2019 retrieved august 5 2020 cite news cs1 maint deprecated archival service link the clotilda the last known slave ship to arrive in the u s is found smithsonian may 22 2019 retrieved augu...