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p learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 pre history toggle pre history subsection 1 1 humboldt current 2 aqueducts and terraces 3 guano 4 current production toggle current production subsection 4 1 wine 5 peruvian agricultural products 6 see also 7 references toggle references subsection 7 1 sources toggle the table of contents agricultural history of peru 2 languages español oʻzbekcha ўзбекча edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia this article needs more citations please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources agricultural history of peru news newspapers books scholar jstor january 2010 learn how and when to remove this message the agricultural history of peru includes agriculture cultivation of plants and herbs and general changes in the history of farming in peru or its historical regions pre history edit much of the pre history of peru was driven by the location of farmable land the most populated coastal regions of peru are the two parallel mountain ranges and the series of 20 to 30 rivers descending through its coastal desert in dry periods only the mountains had enough rainfall for agriculture while the desert coast was empty in wet periods many cultures thrived along the rivers the inca were a mountain based culture that expanded when the climate became wetter often sending conquered peoples down from the mountains into fallow but farmable lowlands in contrast the moche were a lowland culture that died out after a strong el niño which caused abnormally high rainfall and floods followed by a long drought 1 a study reported that crops of squash peanuts and cotton were domesticated in peru around 10 000 8 500 and 6 000 years ago respectively they were grown by the ñanchoc people in the ñanchoc valley no earlier instances of the farming of these crops are known 2 humboldt current edit peru is both afflicted and blessed by a peculiar climate due to the humboldt current before over fishing killed its fishery peru had the world s most productive fishery due to the cold current it lifts nutrients from the pacific floor to surface waters on land it results in a cold mist that covers coastal peru to the extent that desert plants have adapted to obtain water from the air instead of from infrequent rainfall the wet side soil is thin while few rivers operate on the dry side this means all the water must be brought from the atlantic side of the andean mountain ranges that split peru many obstacles limited peru s agricultural production peru has always been rich in natural resources such as tin silver gold guano and rubber these resources were found not grown train tracks did not connect its peoples instead they connected the sources of these valuable resources to the sea so few ways helped to bring agricultural products to market the road system is underdeveloped in peru e g offering no connection to neighboring brazil only a little over a quarter of the 15th century inca road system has been modernized another obstacle is the large size of peru s informal economy this prevents peru from relying on an income tax to run the government much of its revenue instead comes from a 13 tax on gross agricultural sales this squeezes peruvian farmers who must compete with farmers in countries that tax farmers on net profit no profit no tax twenty first century peru grows agricultural commodities such as asparagus potatoes maize rice quinoa and coffee 3 peru provides half of the world supply of quinoa 4 peruvian agriculture uses synthetic fertilizers rather than still abundant guano due to infrastructure issues peruvian maize is not exportable due to large producer subsidies in europe and the united states coffee is exportable because little is grown in those countries in recent years peru has become the world s primary source of high quality organic coffee 5 peru does not have a quality control program such as kenya s but its government has worked to educate farmers on how to improve quality despite the glut of coffee in the market today coffee production in peru s unusual high altitudes and partial shade allows coffea arabica to flourish and it has much more of such land available than competitors such as jamaica and hawaii aqueducts and terraces edit main article irrigation in peru aqueduct at cumbe mayo an entrance to nazca s puquios the ancient people of peru built water moving and preserving technologies like the aqueducts of cumbe mayo c 1500 bce and the nazca s underground aqueducts called puquios date uncertain or the terraced gardens of the huari aqueducts were also utilized by the moche 6 another technique used for farming was terracing the chavin 7 moche 6 and incas built terraces or andenes into the sides of hills the andenes reduced erosion that would normally damage a steep hill these terraces are still used 8 incans irrigated their fields with a system of reservoirs and cisterns to collect water which was then distributed by canals and ditches 9 however by the mid 19th century only 3 of peru s land was still farmable it lagged behind many other south american countries in agriculture citation needed guano edit in the 19th century the inca fertilizer guano saltpetre became the most important resource in peru s modern history for its use as a fertilizer and as gunpowder 10 the stock of guano built up because the humboldt current once drew thousands of anchovies and other fish which in turn attracted thousands of birds the population of white breasted cormorants gray pelicans and piqueros flourished due to a lack of predators the guano droppings left by the birds retained its nitrate content because of the arid climate 11 between 1840 and 1880 peru sold around 20 million tons of guano mostly to great britain peru earned about 2 billion dollars in profit peru lost its guano reserves to chile backed by the british empire in the war of the pacific 12 by the late 19th century 50 of the peruvian government s revenue was going to pay off loans that had been guaranteed with guano sources taken by chile these debts were eventually paid by sending all the remaining guano to france when it was preparing for war the germans invented the haber process shortly after the outbreak of world war i after which guano became almost worthless as peru s guano reserves began to run out the government restricted the guano industry to help stabilize the supplies the collapse of peru s bird population after the collapse of the fishery limited future supply of the fertilizer 10 current production edit peru is one of the 5 largest producers of avocado blueberry artichoke and asparagus one of the 10 largest producers in the world of coffee and cocoa one of the 15 largest producers in the world of potato and pineapple and also has a considerable production of grape sugarcane rice banana maize and cassava its agriculture is considerably diversified 13 in 2018 peru produced 10 3 million tons of sugarcane 5 1 million tons of potato 3 5 million tons of rice 2 2 million tons of banana 1 5 million tons of maize 1 2 million tons of cassava 921 thousand tons of palm oil 645 thousand tons of grape 548 thousand tons of pineapple 504 thousand tons of avocado 481 thousand tons of tangerine 502 thousand tons of orange 369 thousand tons of coffee 383 thousand tons of mango 360 thousand tons of asparagus 270 thousand tons of lemon 252 thousand tons of tomato 207 thousand tons of barley 195 thousand tons of wheat 188 thousand tons of olives 187 thousand tons of carrots 175 thousand tons of papaya 175 thousand tons of pepper 154 thousand tons of artichoke 140 thousand tons of apple 134 thousand tons of cocoa in addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products 14 there is also native agriculture and tools such as the tacarpo a tool used to cultivate pachyrhizus tuberosus by the people in the peruvian amazon 15 wine edit this section is an excerpt from peruvian wine edit peruvian wine dates back to the spanish colonization of the region in the 16th century peru shares a similar climate with wine producing country chile which is favorable for producing wine 16 in 2008 there were some 14 000 hectares 35 000 acres of grape plantations in peru including table grapes and some 610 000 hectolitres 13 000 000 imp gal 16 000 000 us gal of wine was produced with an increasing trend in both plantations and wine production 17 most vineyards are located on the central coast around pisco and ica where most of peru s winemaking and distillation takes place 18 grape varieties cultivated include albillo alicante bouschet barbera cabernet sauvignon grenache malbec moscatel sauvignon blanc and torontel torrontes in many areas of the world 18 peruvian agricultural products edit potato plants maize ears rice field rice plants flowering coffee tree see also edit incan agriculture international potato center ministry of agriculture peru references edit davidson nick 2 march 2005 lost society tore itself apart bbc news retrieved 18 november 2019 peanuts cotton squash first farmed in peru 6 000 10 000 years ago mongabay com retrieved 7 january 2010 cite web cs1 maint deprecated archival service link the world factbook south america peru www cia gov archived from the original on 9 january 2021 retrieved 18 november 2019 faostat food and agriculture organization of the united nations statistics archived from the original on 1 april 2013 retrieved 12 april 2013 peru organic products update 2008 archived 2012 10 18 at the wayback machine usda foreign agricultural service global agriculture information network retrieved 7 january 2010 1 2 sayer 1999 p 10 wood 1996 p 4 sayer page 25 wood 1996 p 18 1 2 leonard andrew when guano imperialists ruled the earth salon com retrieved 7 january 2010 archived 4 december 2009 at the wayback machine straw annelise sis ba 18 sis ma 19 american university washington d c american university archived from the original on 15 january 2010 retrieved 18 november 2019 cite web cs1 maint numeric names authors list link the inventory of conflict environment ice war of the pacific 1879 1884 archived 2005 03 10 at the wayback machine wars of the world retrieved 7 january 2009 peru en 2018 by fao peru production in 2018 by fao oré balbín isabel delgado vásquez octavio sorensen marten kvist lars peter mejía carhuanca kember 2005 el cultivo de chuin una alternativa para la seguridad alimentaria y recuperación de suelos degradados en la amazonía peruana instituto de investigaciones de la amazonía peruana 31 cite journal cite journal requires journal help are peruvian wines the next big thing archived 2014 07 23 at the wayback machine rude wines blog accessed 2013 09 18 oiv statoiv extracts archived 2012 11 15 at the wayback machine accessed 2012 10 07 1 2 jancis robinson ed 2006 peru oxford companion to wine 3rd ed oxford oxford university press p 513 isbn 0 19 860990 6 sources edit sayer chloë 1999 the incas raintree steck vaughn isbn 0817251251 oclc 38055933 wood tim 1996 the incas viking isbn 0670870374 oclc 1089520927 v t e agriculture outline history index occupations agriculturist agricultural engineer farmer farm worker herder general agribusiness agricultural cooperative agricultural supplies agricultural science agricultural engineering agricultural technology precision biotechnology agroforestry agronomy animal husbandry animal free agriculture cash crop cellular agriculture cultural methods contract farming extensive farming farm farmhouse feed ratio free range horticulture intensive farming animals pigs crops mechanised agriculture organic farming paludiculture permaculture plantation polyculture rice duck farming rice fish system sustainable agriculture sustainable food system universities and colleges urban agriculture history west asia ancient egypt ancient greece ancient rome austronesia agricultural science agricultural history review arab agricultural revolution argentina canada china chile columbian exchange green revolution indian subcontinent mesoamerica middle ages neolithic revolution organic farming palestine peru united kingdom british agricultural revolution cheshire scotland united states african american california farming types agrivoltaic aquaculture cattle cannabis cultivation dairy farming desert farming dryland farming fur farming goat farming grazing convertible husbandry rotational grazing transhumance hydroponics insect farming livestock pasture mixed monoculture orchards paddy field pastoral bocage pig farming poultry farming ranch rainfed agriculture subsistence agriculture sheep farming terrace wildlife farming environmental impact agricultural expansion agricultural pollution agricultural wastewater environmental impact of irrigation overdrafting climate change and agriculture multiple breadbasket failure overgrazing categories agricultural machinery agriculture and the environment agriculture by country agriculture companies biotechnology cannabis cultivation history of agriculture livestock meat industry poultry farming lists agriculturist profession agricultural machinery food origins government ministries universities and colleges category portal commons wikiproject retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title agricultural_history_of_peru oldid 1340114358 categories history of agriculture by country agriculture in peru economic history of peru hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles needing additional references from january 2010 all articles needing additional references use dmy dates from september 2022 cs1 maint deprecated archival service webarchive template wayback links all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from january 2025 cs1 maint numeric names authors list cs1 errors missing periodical articles with excerpts this page was last edited on 24 february 2026 at 01 30 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the 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