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d the 18th centuries 5 the earliest surviving ahom inscription the snake pillar inscription dates only to the early 16th century 6 and scholars generally agree that the script was adapted from a proto shan script derived from burmese between the late 14th and 16th centuries 1 the old ahom language today survives in the numerous manuscripts written in this script currently in institutional and private possession dibrugarh university has a 2 years post graduate diploma course in tai language the centre for south east asian studies gauhati university on 27 april 2026 launched a 6 momths certificate course in tai ahom language and medieval manuscriptology history edit origins of the language edit a section of mao shan people led by prince siu ka pha left the state of muong mao lung in 1215 ce accompanied by three queens two sons and a daughter he was accompanied by chiefs of five other dependant muongs states their attendants and families members of the priestly class and 9 000 soldiers the language of these people was tai known today as tai ahom to distinguish it from the sister language of other tai groups residing in assam and north east india such as tai khamti tai phake or phakial in assamese tai aiton or aitonia in assamese tai turung tai khamjang or khamjangia in assamese the tai ahom language belongs to the south west group of the tai branch of the tai kadai language family in 1904 sir george abraham grierson made a systematic study of the tai ahom language published in the linguistic survey of india vol ii others including rev nathan brown b h hodgson sir george campbell e t dalton g h damant and p r t gurdon wrote about the alphabets script vocabulary of the tai ahom language origins of the script edit it is believed that the ahom people adopted their script from either old mon or old burmese in upper myanmar this is supported based on similar shapes of characters between ahom and old mon and old burmese scripts it is clear however that the script and language would have changed during the few hundred years it was in use 7 more recent research suggests that the development and adoption of the tai ahom script in assam occurred later than traditionally assumed while ahom traditions associate the script with the migration of sukaphaa in the 13th century linguistic and epigraphic evidence indicate that the script likely emerged within the wider tai shan cultural sphere in the late 14th or early 16th century and was subsequently introduced or adapted in assam 1 the earliest surviving ahom inscription the snake pillar inscription dates only to the early 16th century suggesting that the widespread use and standardisation of the script in the ahom kingdom took place during the late medieval period 6 the lik tai script featured on a 1407 ming dynasty scroll exhibits many features of the burmese script including fourteen of the nineteen consonants three medial diacritics and the high tone marker according to the scholar daniels this shows that the tai borrowed from the burmese script to create their own script the lik tai script was derived from the burmese script as it could only have been created by someone proficient in burmese daniels also argues that unlike previously thought the lik tho ngok script is not the origin of the other lik tai scripts as the 1407 lik tai script shows greater similarity to the ahom script which has been attested earlier than the lik tho ngok script 4 other lik scripts are used for the khamti phake aiton and tai nuea languages as well as for other tai languages across northern myanmar and assam in northeast india the lik scripts have a limited inventory of 16 to 18 consonant symbols compared to the tai tham script which possibly indicates that the scripts were not developed for writing pali 8 the various burmese scripts that the ahom script itself is derived from was likely derived from the indic or brahmi script 5 and possibly of south indic origin 9 the brahmic script gradually spread to southeast asia from the more western and or northern regions of south asia through ports on trading routes 10 at these trading posts ancient inscriptions have been found in sanskrit using scripts like the brahmic script among others at first inscriptions were made in sanskrit pali or various other prakirts but later the scripts were used to write the local southeast asian languages along with local varieties of the scripts being developed by the 8th century the scripts had diverged and separated into regional scripts 11 in 1920 rai saheb golap chandra barua published the ahom assamese english dictionary in 1936 ghana kanta barua published the ahom primer with grammar in 1964 bimala kanta barua and nandanath deodhai phukan compiled the ahom lexicons based on original tai manuscripts and published by department of historical and antiquarian studies government of assam 12 samples of writing in the ahom script buranji s remain stored in assamese collections the manuscripts were reportedly traditionally produced on paper prepared from agarwood locally known as sachi bark 7 assamese replaced ahom during the 17th century 13 the ahom script is no longer used by the ahom people to read and write in everyday life however it retains cultural significance and is used for religious ceremonies chants and to read literature 5 ahom s literary tradition provides a window into the past of ahom s culture 14 a printed form of the font was developed in 1920 to be used in the first ahom assamese english dictionary 7 the ahom script an ahom manuscript preserved in the department of historical and antiquarian studies pan bazaar guwahati coin of ahom king sunyatphaa in ahom script letters edit like most abugidas each letter has an inherent vowel of a 15 other vowels are indicated by using diacritics which can appear above below to the left or to the right of the consonant the script does not however indicate tones used in the language 7 the ahom script is further complicated as it contains inconsistencies a consonant may be written once in a word but pronounced twice common words may be shortened and consecutive words with the same initial consonant may be contracted 7 consonants edit ahom consonants 𑜀 ka ipa ka 𑜁 kha ipa kʰa 𑜕 𑜖 ga ipa ɡa note 1 𑜗 gha ipa ɡʱa 𑜂 nga ipa ŋa ca ipa ca 𑜋 cha ipa cʰa 𑜊 ja ipa ɟa 𑜙 jha ipa ɟʱa 𑜐 nya ipa ɲa ṭa ipa ʈa ṭha ipa ʈʰa ḍa ipa ɖa ḍha ipa ɖʱa ṇa ipa ɳa 𑜄 𑜅 ta ipa ta note 2 𑜌 tha ipa tʰa 𑜓 da ipa da 𑜔 dha ipa dʱa 𑜃 na ipa na 𑜆 pa ipa pa 𑜇 pha ipa pʰa 𑜈 𑜚 ba ipa ba note 3 𑜘 bha ipa bʱa 𑜉 ma ipa ma 𑜍 ra ipa ra 𑜎 la ipa la ḷa ipa ɭa 𑜏 sa ipa sa 𑜑 ha ipa ha 𑜒 a note 4 font variants the second version of this letter is ta and ja conjoined with ta shortened a font variant of ba the second version is used as va in sajjhaya spelling this letter is not an independent vowel but acts as a null consonant that can be combined with a vowel diacritic to write initial vowels the following medial consonant diacritics are used to form consonant clusters with l and r such as kl and kr medial consonants 𑜝 medial la ipa l 𑜞 medial ra ipa r 𑜟 ipa r medial ligating ra vowels edit the following vowel diacritics are added to an initial consonant vowel diacritics 𑜠 a ipa a 𑜡 aa ipa a 𑜢 i ipa i 𑜣 ii ipa i 𑜤 u ipa u 𑜥 uu ipa u 𑜦 e ipa e 𑜩 ai ipa ai 𑜨 o ipa o 𑜧 aw ipa aw 𑜪 am ipa am to write a consonant without a vowel the virama 𑜫 is used 16 punctuation edit the following characters are used for punctuation 16 punctuation separates small sections separates sections marks paragraphs exclamation mark numerals edit the ahom script contains its own set of numerals 16 ahom numerals 0 𑜰 1 𑜱 2 𑜲 3 𑜳 4 𑜴 5 𑜵 6 𑜶 7 𑜷 8 𑜸 9 𑜹 10 20 unicode edit main article ahom unicode block ahom script was added to the unicode standard in june 2015 with the release of version 8 0 the ahom block was expended by 16 code points with unicode 14 0 the unicode block for ahom is u 11700 u 1174f ahom 1 2 official unicode consortium code chart pdf 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f u 1170x 𑜀 𑜁 𑜂 𑜃 𑜄 𑜅 𑜆 𑜇 𑜈 𑜉 𑜊 𑜋 𑜌 𑜍 𑜎 𑜏 u 1171x 𑜐 𑜑 𑜒 𑜓 𑜔 𑜕 𑜖 𑜗 𑜘 𑜙 𑜚 𑜝 𑜞 𑜟 u 1172x 𑜠 𑜡 𑜢 𑜣 𑜤 𑜥 𑜦 𑜧 𑜨 𑜩 𑜪 𑜫 u 1173x 𑜰 𑜱 𑜲 𑜳 𑜴 𑜵 𑜶 𑜷 𑜸 𑜹 u 1174x notes 1 as of unicode version 18 0 2 grey areas indicate non assigned code points see also edit list of writing systems ahom people ahom kingdom all tai ahom students union notes edit 1 2 3 there is a general consensus that the proto shan script that developed into the modern shan and ahom scripts was adapted from the burmese script sometime between the late 14th and the 16th century ferlus 1988 and diller 1992 also argue that lack of orthographic contrasts between original voiced and voiceless consonants suggests that the adaptation took place later than the first half of the 13th century in addition pain 2017 adds the use of digraph ui to represent ɯ in shan and ahom as further evidence for the old burmese origin furthermore daniel s 2012 analysis of the 1407 manuscript discussed above postulates that the adaptation occurred in the 14th century the shapes of 14 letters attested in the text as well as the use of diacritical y r and w points to an old burmese origin gogoi morey pittayaporn 2020 17 18 sealang library ahom lexicography sealang net diringer david 1948 alphabet a key to the history of mankind p 411 1 2 daniels 2012 p 170 171 1 2 3 diller a 1993 tai languages in international encyclopedia of linguistics vol 4 pp 128 131 oxford uk oxford university press 1 2 although tradition suggests that the ahom brought their script with them when they crossed the patkai mountains into assam in the 13th century from mong mao located on the frontier of what is now myanmar and china phukan 2006 it is unknown how old the script actually is the oldest surviving ahom text the snake pillar inscription only dates back to the time of king siuw hum miung who reigned during 1497 1539 hosken and morey 2012 however the resemblance between the ahom script and one of the extant shan scripts known as lik hto ngouk or bean sprout letters points to a common origin cushing 1888 ferlus 1988 diller 1992 wichasin 1986 a recent paper by daniels 2012 refers to a manuscript published in yang bartholemew and wang 2000 this has been identified as a chinese manuscript dated 1407 that includes tai language very similar in form and structure to the tai ahom script suggesting that a script like tai ahom was in use in the mong mao kingdom by the end of the 14th century at the latest gogoi morey pittayaporn 2020 17 18 1 2 3 4 5 terwiel b j wichasin r eds 1992 tai ahoms and the stars three ritual texts to ward off danger ithaca ny southeast asia program hundius harald wharton david 2010 the digital library of lao manuscripts french m a 1994 tai languages in the encyclopedia of language and linguistics vol 4 pp 4520 4521 new york ny pergamon press press court c 1996 introduction in p t daniels w bright eds the world s writing systems pp 443 oxford oxford university press court c 1996 the spread of brahmi script into southeast asia in p t daniels w bright eds the world s writing systems pp 445 449 oxford oxford university press bradley d henderson e j a eds 1988 prosodic analysis and asian linguistics to honour r k sprigg canberra department of linguistics assam columbia encyclopedia 2008 hongladarom k 2005 thai and tai languages in encyclopedia of linguistics vol 2 pp 1098 1101 new york ny fitzroy dearborn hosken martin morey stephen 2012 10 23 n4321r revised proposal to add the ahom script in the smp of the ucs pdf iso iec jtc1 sc2 wg2 1 2 3 morey stephen hosken martin 2012 revised proposal to add the ahom script in the smp of the ucs pdf unicode references edit gogoi poppy morey stephen pittayaporn pittayawat 2020 the tai ahom sound system as reflected by the texts recorded in the bark manuscripts journal of the southeast asian linguistics society 13 2 university of hawaiʻi press 14 42 terwiel b j wichasin r 1992 tai ahoms and the stars three ritual texts to ward off danger ithaca ny seap publications isbn 9780877277095 daniels christian 2012 script without buddhism burmese influence on the tay shan script of mäng2 maaw2 as seen in a chinese scroll painting of 1407 international journal of asian studies external links edit entry on ahom at omniglot com a guide to writing systems pali tripitaka in ahom script by sajjhaya foundation tai āhom tipiṭaka v t e types of writing systems overview history of writing grapheme lists writing systems undeciphered inventors constructed languages by writing system by first written accounts types abjads numerals aramaic hatran arabic elifba egyptian hieroglyphs elymaic hebrew ashuri cursive rashi solitreo tifinagh mandaic manichaean nabataean ancient north arabian paleo hebrew pahlavi book inscriptional inscriptional parthian psalter pegon phoenician pitman shorthand proto sinaitic punic samaritan south arabian zabur musnad sogdian syriac ʾesṭrangēlā serṭā maḏnḥāyā teeline shorthand ugaritic abugidas brahmic northern bengali assamese bhaiksuki brahmi script devanagari dogri gujarati gupta gurmukhi kaithi kalinga khema khojki khudabadi laṇḍā lepcha mahajani marchen meitei modi multani nagari nandinagari nepalese scripts bhujimol golmol himmol kummol kvemmol kurukh pachumol newar ranjana tamyig tirhuta limbu litumol odia karani ʼphags pa sharada siddhaṃ soyombo sylheti nagri takri tibetan uchen umê tocharian zanabazar square southern ahom balinese batak baybayin bhattiprolu buda buhid chakma cham fakkham grantha goykanadi hanunoo javanese kadamba kannada karen kawi khmer khom thai kulitan lanna langdi lao leke lontara bilang bilang makasar malayalam old maldivian dhives akuru eveyla akuru mon burmese pallava pyu saurashtra shan sinhala sukhothai sundanese old sundanese tagbanwa tai le new tai lue tai noi tai tham tai viet lai tay tamil tamil brahmi tanchangya telugu thai tigalari ulu scripts incung lampung lembak ogan pasemah rejang serawai vatteluttu kolezhuthu malayanma others bharati boyd s syllabic shorthand canadian syllabics blackfoot déné syllabics dham fox i geʽez gunjala gondi japanese braille sarati jenticha kharosthi mandombe masaram gondi meroitic miao mwangwego pahawh hmong sorang sompeng tengwar thaana thomas natural shorthand warang citi rma alphabets linear adlam ariyaka armenian avestan pazend avoiuli bassa vah carian caucasian albanian cirth coelbren coorgi cox alphabet coptic cyrillic serbian early deseret duployan shorthand chinook eclectic shorthand elbasan enochian etruscan formosan fox ii franklin s phonetic fraser gabelsberger shorthand gadabuursi garay alphabet georgian asomtavruli nuskhuri mkhedruli veso bey glagolitic gothic gregg shorthand greek archaic greco iberian alphabet hangul hanifi hurûf ı munfasıla sunuwar kaddare kayah li klingon latin beneventan blackletter carolingian minuscule fraktur gaelic insular ipa kurrent merovingian sigla sütterlin tironian notes visigothic luo lycian lydian manchu medefaidrin mru mundari bani n ko ogham ol chiki old italic old permic orkhon yenisei old hungarian old uyghu...