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he establishment of the united states air force as a separate branch of the united states military under the national security act the postwar air national guard force of the late 1940s included 58 000 members 11 between 1946 and 1949 all of the initial allotment of units received federal recognition in the conus the hawaii territory ang received recognition and was activated on 4 november 1946 the puerto rico ang on 23 november 1947 and the alaska territory ang on 15 september 1952 citation needed at the end of october 1950 the air national guard converted to the wing base hobson plan organization as a result the former army air forces wings which were allocated were inactivated by the national guard bureau returned to the control of the department of the air force on 31 october 1950 the personnel and equipment of the inactivated wings were transferred to new air national guard wings which were established recognized and activated on 1 november 1950 citation needed after world war ii the air national guard developed an unfortunate reputation as a glorified flying club for world war ii combat veterans not only did the units and individuals lack specific wartime missions their equipment especially aircraft was obsolete and their training was usually deplorable once mobilized those air national guardsmen proved to be almost totally unprepared for combat regardless of their previous training and equipment air national guard units were assigned almost at random to major air commands it took months and months for ang units to become combat ready some units never succeeded 11 korean war edit see also list of korean war air national guard mobilizations captain john mcmahn and sergeant white of the 182nd fighter bomber squadron texas air national guard close out flight records at taegu ab k 2 south korea following their f 84e thunderjet becoming the first such aircraft to complete 1 000 flying hours 1952 during the korean war some 45 000 air guardsmen 80 percent of the force were mobilized that callup exposed the weaknesses of the united states various military reserve programs including the ang sixty six of the air guard s ninety two flying squadrons along with numerous support units were mobilized once in federal service they proved to be unprepared for combat many key air guardsmen were used as fillers elsewhere in the air force it took three to six months for some ang units to become combat ready some never did 12 eventually they made substantial contributions to the war effort and the air force s global buildup in the far east the ang s 136th and 116th fighter bomber wings compiled excellent combat records flying f 84 thunderjets air guardsmen flew 39 530 combat sorties and destroyed 39 enemy aircraft but 101 of them were either killed or declared missing in action during the conflict four air guardsmen captains robert love california clifford d jolley utah and robinson risner oklahoma plus major james hagerstrom texas became aces with some such as risner later transferring to the regular air force largely as a result of the korean war experience senior ang and air force leaders became seriously committed to building the air national guard as an effective reserve component 12 13 14 with the reinforcement of the far east air forces feaf air national guard squadrons were deployed to europe in late 1950 being assigned to newly constructed bases in france as part of united states air forces in europe usafe these deployments helped reinforce the nato commitment of the united states in case the combat in korea became part of a wider conflict with the soviet union beginning in february 1951 mobilized units were assigned to air defense command adc strategic air command sac and tactical air command tac replacing or augmenting active duty units 13 air national guardsmen assigned to adc also were assigned to aircraft control and warning as well as radar calibration units their organizations either strengthened american air defenses or were converted to tactical air control units that directed air force fighter aircraft in the continental united states alaska newfoundland europe and french morocco 13 as a result of the federalization of the air national guard adc sac and tac established additional wings for command and control of the federalized units these were as follows 101st fighter interceptor wing adc federalized maine ang 10 february 1951 103rd fighter interceptor wing adc federalized connecticut ang 2 march 1951 108th strategic fighter wing sac federalized new jersey ang 1 march 1951 122nd fighter interceptor wing adc federalized indiana ang 10 february 1951 128th fighter interceptor wing adc federalized wisconsin ang 10 february 1951 133rd fighter interceptor wing adc federalized minnesota ang 2 march 1951 137th fighter bomber wing tac federalized oklahoma ang 26 october 1950 142nd fighter interceptor wing adc federalized oregon ang 2 march 1951 air national guardsmen began to be demobilized in july 1952 with their units being inactivated by the active duty air force subsequently the individual state air national guard bureaus reactivated and reformed the units beginning in january 1953 the usaf established wings were also allocated to their states 13 runway alert program edit although korean war hostilities ended in july 1953 the cold war with the soviet union persisted the initial mobilization fiasco forced the air force to achieve an accommodation with the air national guard and to thoroughly revamp its entire reserve system because of the problems associated with the korean war mobilizations the air force and its reserve components pioneered new approaches like the runway alert program to reserve training and management 13 15 16 the air division chief at the national guard bureau wanted to find an innovative way to provide additional training for fighter pilots after their units were demobilized at the same time air defense command could not call upon sufficient active duty air force units to defend the continental united states against the soviet air threat it was proposed to employ ang pilots full time from strategically placed air national guard units to perform air intercept missions against unidentified aircraft entering united states airspace in addition they would provide simulated fighter attacks against the strategic air command s nuclear capable bombers 13 using air national guardsmen from the 138th fighter interceptor squadron at hancock field syracuse new york and the 194th fighter bomber squadron at hayward california the experiment began on 1 march 1953 it proved a great success and in august eight squadrons began standing alert using volunteer aircrews on a rotating basis for 14 hours a day in october nine more squadrons joined the program the ang runway alert program required some planes and pilots to be available around the clock to become airborne within minutes of being notified to scramble 13 at its peak in the mid 1950s all 70 air national guard fighter squadrons participated in that program that number was reduced to 25 by 1961 due to budget constraints most of the runway alert exercises involved interceptions of sac bombers a few actual scrambles turned out to be interceptions of late or off course commercial airliners the runway alert experiment in 1953 marked the beginning of the air national guard s modern homeland defense role it was the first broad effort to integrate reserve units into a major air force combat mission in peacetime on a continuing basis using volunteers 13 aircraft modernization edit an air national guard lockheed f 104a 25 lo starfighter af ser no 56 0863 from the 157th fighter interceptor squadron south carolina air national guard at mcentire air national guard base south carolina f 84f thunderstreaks of the 110th tactical fighter squadron 131st tactical fighter wing missouri air national guard toul air base france deployed as a result of the berlin crisis 1961 62 originally the air national guard was designed as a combat reserve force after world war ii its flying units consisted of 72 fighter and 12 light bomber squadrons equipped with obsolescent world war ii propeller driven aircraft while the active duty air force transitioned to jet fighters although it had no airlift or tanker units the air national guard s flying units were equipped with a small number of liaison trainer and transport planes and the air national guard actively sought out new missions and aircraft 17 with the end of world war ii the air force dropped air commando or special operations units from its rolls although they were revived for the korean war after that conflict in april 1955 the air national guard acquired its first special operations unit when the 129th air resupply squadron was federally recognized and two c 46 commandos were delivered to it at hayward california it was allocated to the air resupply and communications service arcs a predecessor organization of today s air force special operations command 17 as its p 51 mustangs and p 47 thunderbolts became more and more obsolescent in the jet age of the 1950s the force structure gradually changed to include a significant number of airlift tanker and specialized combat support units as the air national guard expanded additional squadrons including airlift units as well as air resupply and communications units were established additional command and control groups and wings were also established by the national guard bureau and allocated to the states 17 the ang however unlike the active duty usaf did not inactivate its combat groups during the 1950s as part of the tri deputate organization many of the combat groups remained assigned to the wings from which they were derived it was not until 1974 that the ang fully adapted the usaf tri deputate organization and inactivated its combat groups assigning its operational squadrons directly to the wings the air national guard aggressively worked to preserve its existing flying units by obtaining the most modern aircraft available some existing air national guard fighter units equipped with piston driven fighters however could not convert to jets because the runways at the local airports where they were based were too short in addition some local leaders simply did not want jet fighters operating in their communities 17 the ang considered replacing the fighter squadrons in these instances with transport aircraft a viable option for overcoming runway issues or community objections and also was a way to keep experienced senior aviators in the cockpit during the late 1950s the air force allowed several air national guard units to trade in their aging piston driven fighters for second line transports new jersey s newly organized 150th air transport squadron light became the first pure airlift unit in the air national guard on 1 february 1956 it received curtiss c 46d commandos two other aeromedical transport squadrons followed that year primarily because of the impracticality of converting their locations to modern jet fighter operations in 1959 the air force in order to save operating funds planned to phase out 48 c 97 stratofreighters before their replacements were available to the active force the air national guard requested these aircraft be sent to ang units and in january 1960 units in california minnesota new hampshire new york and oklahoma began trading in their obsolete fighters for c 97s 17 additionally the air national guard also took on an air refueling mission the air national guard received its first kc 97 stratofreighter aerial tankers in july and august 1961 during that period the 108th fighter interceptor squadron in illinois the 126th fighter interceptor squadron in wisconsin and the 145th air transport squadron in ohio converted to kc 97fs and were redesignated air refueling squadrons 17 cold war edit see also list of cold war air national guard mobilizations world war ii had left the city of berlin 100 miles deep within east german territory controlled by the soviet union and divided into soviet british french and united states zones of occupation administered under local agreements which did not guarantee western access to the city responding to a series of soviet actions in 1948 the three western allies consolidated their zones and formed the city of west berlin for fifteen years the western powers maintained a tenacious hold on west berlin under periodic harassment of the soviets on 13 august 1961 berliners woke up to find they lived in a divided city a wall now separated east berlin from west berlin with that provocative act the soviet union ratcheted up the cold war 18 president john f kennedy mobilized a limited number of reserve and guard units dispatching 11 ang fighter squadrons to europe all the guard units were in place within a month of their respective mobilization days although they required additional training equipment and personnel after being called up in all some 21 000 air guardsmen were mobilized during the 1961 berlin crisis 18 an f 104a starfighter interceptor from the 157th fighter interceptor squadron south carolina air national guard being loaded aboard a c 124 globemaster ii for shipment to europe during the berlin crisis 1961 a ground crew preparing an f 100 of the colorado air national guard s 120th tactical fighter squadron for combat missions at phan rang air base south vietnam 1968 a lockheed ec 121s coronet solo from the 193rd tactical electric warfare group pennsylvania air national guard by august 1962 the units mobilized for the berlin crisis returned to state control they had hardly resumed normal operations when president kennedy announced on 22 october 1962 that the soviet union had placed nuclear warheads in cuba only 90 miles from florida with the cuban missile crisis air national guard fighter units trained for no notice deployments and volunteer ang airlift crews and their aircraft augmented air force global airlift operations air national guard bases hosted air force fighters and bombers dispersed there to avoid a possible soviet nuclear response to the crisis but in the end no ang unit was federalized 18 as a result of these two cold war incidents from january through december 1963 for the first time air national guard airlift units began routinely deploying overseas during their annual training periods primarily to europe to exercise their wartime missions air national guard transport units hauled cargo for the military air transport service mats while training for their wartime global airlift role 18 with the regular air force tanker fleet being used more and more in southeast asia after 1965 to support combat operations in south vietnam combined with the concurrent demands of the strategic air command sac for performing its nuclear deterrence mission both volunteer air force reservists and air national guardsmen in air refueling units participated in worldwide air refueling missions during their annual training or other additio...